UPSC current affairs · Friday

Current Affairs, 31 July 2026

9 issues picked from 80 PIB releases · about 2 minutes each · written by UPSC Grade, each fact checked against its PIB release or by a second model

How to readRead “Why in news” and “What it is” for every issue. Open For Prelims or For Mains for the exam you’re preparing for, then Test yourself at the foot of each card. Half the news questions in Prelims are answered from background, not the news itself.

In 60 seconds

Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024. Amendment Bill raises exam-fraud penalties, adds Special Task Forces, fast-track courts and a High Court appeal route.
Pradhan Mantri Surya Sarovar Yojana (PM-SSY). Cabinet clears Rs.5,070 crore scheme for 5,000 MW floating solar with two-hour battery storage.
Samudra Manthan - National Offshore Exploration Scheme. Cabinet approves Rs.84,084 crore scheme to boost offshore oil and gas exploration till 2030-31.
Viksit Bharat-Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) (VB-G RAM G) Act, 2025. VB-G RAM G Act replaces 100-day rural job guarantee with 125 days, new funding pattern.
PM-KISAN. Cabinet extends PM-KISAN income support to 2030-31 with Rs.3.15 lakh crore outlay.
Khelo India Scheme. Cabinet approves Rs 36,441 crore for revamped Khelo India and ANSF, 2026-31.
UPI cross-border payment linkages. Maldives' Favara linked with UPI, allowing real-time person-to-person remittances from Maldives to India.
Mission Poshan 2.0 and Rashtriya Poshan Maah. Poshan 2.0 delivers six services via Anganwadis, with Saksham upgrades, incentives, Poshan Tracker and nutrition gardens.
Policy for Award of Waterfront and Land to Port Dependent Industries (Captive Policy). Cabinet revises 2016 captive port policy: longer concessions, expansion with RoFR, direct waterfront for government entities.

Law and statutory body

Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024

GS2 Polity and GovernanceGS4 IntegrityPrelims and Mains

Why in news: On 31 July 2026, the Government introduced the Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Amendment Bill, 2026 in the Lok Sabha. It raises penalties, sets investigation deadlines and creates Special Fast Track Courts.
What it is: The Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024 is India's first dedicated central law against paper leaks, impersonation and organised cheating in national public examinations. It covers bodies such as UPSC, SSC, RRBs, IBPS and NTA. Its offences are cognizable, non-bailable and non-compoundable.

Special Task Force: The Centre can now set up a Special Task Force to investigate a case. Once set up, it alone investigates that case.
Investigation deadline: Any investigating agency must finish the investigation within two months. This is the first time a time limit is set.
Special Fast Track Courts: Each State and UT must designate a Court of Session as a Special Fast Track Court, in consultation with the High Court Chief Justice. Trial must end within 3 months of the chargesheet.
Coverage: The 2024 Act covers exams by UPSC, SSC, RRBs, IBPS and NTA (for higher education admissions).
Offence status: Offences under the Act are cognizable, non-bailable and non-compoundable.
Service providers: Maximum fine rises from ₹1 crore to ₹5 crore and debarment from conducting public exams from four to eight years.
Procedure: Special Fast Track Courts, investigation within two months, trial within three months of charge sheet, Special Public Prosecutors, and an optional Special Task Force.
Enactment and force: The Act was enacted on 12 February 2024 and came into force on 21 June 2024.
Nature of offences: All offences are cognizable, non-bailable and non-compoundable.

Don’t confuse with Special Fast Track Court vs Special Task Force: The court is a designated Court of Session that tries cases. The Task Force is a Centre-notified body that investigates.

Don’t confuse with 2024 Act vs 2026 Bill: The 2024 Act is law. The 2026 Bill is only introduced in the Lok Sabha and is not yet law.

Don’t confuse with Amendment Bill vs Act: The 2024 Act is in force. The 2026 Bill has passed the Lok Sabha only and still needs Rajya Sabha passage and assent.

Don’t confuse with Fine amounts: Maximum fine: ₹50 lakh for individuals, ₹5 crore for service providers and their senior management, ₹10 crore for organised crime.

Don’t confuse with Act of 2024 vs Amendment Bill of 2026: The 2024 Act is the existing law. The 2026 Bill only proposes changes such as higher penalties and new Sections 12A and 12B; it is not yet law.

Don’t confuse with Organised crime penalty vs individual penalty: Individuals face 5-10 years under the Bill; organised exam crimes face a minimum of 7 years, up to 10, with fines up to ₹10 crore.

Laws, judgments and statutory bodies: 30 Prelims questions since 2013 (what the law says, who chairs, legal basis). In Mains, 44 news-triggered questions, most in GS2, asking for provisions and challenges.

Why it matters

Deters paper-leak rackets through much higher penalties and personal liability for service-provider management.
Time-bound investigation and trial can restore candidates' trust in recruitment exams.
Tougher penalties and faster trials aim to deter organised paper-leak networks.
Protects fairness for millions of job and admission aspirants and public trust in recruitment.
Strengthens deterrence against paper leaks and protects the interests of meritorious candidates.
Time-bound investigation, trial and appeal can restore public trust in recruitment.

Problems

Courts already carry heavy backlogs, so day-to-day trials within 3 months need judges, prosecutors and infrastructure.
Harsher penalties alone may not stop leaks without better exam security, technology and audits; a 2-month probe deadline may strain police capacity.
Harsh penalties may fall on low-level staff or candidates while organisers escape.
Fast-track courts and special prosecutors need staff and resources; delays may persist.
Leaks often stem from weak exam logistics and outsourcing, which penalties alone do not fix.
Heavier penalties alone may not deter leaks if enforcement and exam-system security remain weak.
Fixed timelines may strain police, prosecutors and courts already facing heavy case loads.
Harsh provisions risk misuse against candidates or low-level staff rather than organised networks.

Way forward

Resource the Special Fast Track Courts and Special Public Prosecutors in every State and UT.
Pair deterrence with secure exam systems such as digital, encrypted paper delivery and regular audits of service providers.
Strengthen exam security, such as digital and tamper-proof systems, and audit service providers.
Resource the fast-track courts and train investigators, ensuring safeguards against misuse.
Strengthen exam security, such as digital and tamper-proof paper handling, and audit service providers.
Create adequate Special Fast Track Courts, prosecutors and a trained Special Task Force.
Safeguard against misuse by targeting organised networks and ensuring fair procedure.

Put in your answer

Court timelines: Pending cases transfer to the new courts and must finish within 3 months of transfer, with trials of connected BNS charges held together.

Enforcement under 2024 Act: 52 FIRs have been registered under the 2024 Act, as stated in Parliament.

High-level task force: A high-level expert task force was announced to make the exam system leak-proof.

Special Task Force: The Bill empowers the Centre to refer investigation of offences to a Special Task Force.

Test yourselfMains

True or false?

1 of 15

Statements the way Prelims prints them. Say first, then see the fact.

1.The Bill allows the Central Government to set up a Special Task Force to investigate exam-fraud cases.
2.The Bill requires investigation to be completed within six months.
3.Special Fast Track Courts must complete a trial within 3 months of the chargesheet being filed.
4.Under the Bill, appeals against Special Fast Track Court judgments lie to the Supreme Court directly.
5.No appeal can be filed after 90 days of the order, even if the High Court finds good reason for delay.
6.The debarment period for service providers from conducting public examinations is increased from four to eight years.
7.The Bill requires investigation to be completed within three months and trial within two months of filing of the charge sheet.
8.The Bill empowers the Government to constitute a Special Task Force for investigating offences under the Act.
9.The 2024 Act covers examinations conducted by UPSC, SSC, RRBs, IBPS and the NTA for higher education admissions.
10.The Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024 came into force on 21 June 2024.
11.The Act applies to examinations conducted by the National Testing Agency and the Institute of Banking Personnel Selection.
12.Offences under the Act are cognizable and bailable but non-compoundable.
13.The Bill proposes to extend the debarment of service providers from conducting public examinations from four years to ten years.
14.The Bill proposes that investigation of offences be completed within two months and trial within three months of filing the charge sheet.
15.Under the proposed Section 12B, appeals against Special Fast Track Court orders lie to the Supreme Court within sixty days.

Written by us from the release, not by UPSC; checked by a second model.

Source: PIB Headquarters, 31 Jul, 11:57 IST · Release 292395

Issue page →

Worth revising until Prelims 2028: most news questions come within two years of the event.

Scheme

Pradhan Mantri Surya Sarovar Yojana (PM-SSY)

GS3 Energy - Renewable energyGS3 Environment and climatePrelims and Mains

Why in news: On 31 July 2026, the Union Cabinet approved the Pradhan Mantri Surya Sarovar Yojana (PM-SSY) with an outlay of Rs.5,070 crore for floating solar projects with energy storage.
What it is: PM-SSY is a central scheme to build floating solar photovoltaic plants on existing reservoirs and industrial ponds, paired with co-located battery storage. It aims to save land and improve grid reliability while building domestic manufacturing of floats, cells, modules and storage.

Storage: Storage must be at least two hours, equal to 10,000 MWh, to help states manage peak demand.
Outlay and period: ₹5,070 crore, implemented over FY 2026-27 to FY 2030-31.
Basis: Based on a National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) assessment estimating about 102.18 GWp floating solar potential.
Eligibility: All States and Union Territories can benefit.
Target capacity: 5,000 MW of floating solar with co-located storage of at least two hours, i.e. 10,000 MWh.
Outlay: Total outlay is Rs.5,070 crore.
Timeline: Projects are sanctioned from FY 2026-27 to FY 2030-31; payments continue up to FY 2032-33.

Don’t confuse with PM-SSY vs PM-KUSUM vs PM Surya Ghar: PM-SSY is floating solar on water bodies with storage; PM-KUSUM covers farm solar pumps and feeder solarisation; PM Surya Ghar is household rooftop solar.

Don’t confuse with PM-SSY vs PM-KUSUM: PM-SSY funds floating solar with storage on water bodies. PM-KUSUM supports solar pumps and farm-linked solar for farmers.

Don’t confuse with FSPV vs ground-mounted solar: Floating solar sits on water bodies and saves land; ground-mounted plants need land.

Schemes: 52 Prelims questions since 2013, 10 in Prelims 2026 alone. They test features, the period and who funds it. In Mains, 33 news-triggered questions, mostly GS3.

Test yourself

True or false?

1 of 13

Statements the way Prelims prints them. Say first, then see the fact.

1.PM-SSY aims to support 5,000 MW of floating solar projects with co-located energy storage.
2.The scheme requires energy storage of a minimum of four hours.
3.The scheme will be implemented from FY 2026-27 to FY 2030-31 with an outlay of ₹5,070 crore.
4.Only states with large reservoirs are eligible under the scheme; Union Territories are excluded.
5.The scheme is based on a potential assessment by the National Institute of Solar Energy.
6.India's floating solar capacity before the scheme is about 5,000 MW.
7.The Solar Parks Scheme was initially launched with a 20 GW target and later expanded to 40 GW in 2017.
8.The Central Financial Assistance is released in advance, before the projects are commissioned.
9.The scheme targets 5,000 MW of floating solar with co-located storage of at least two hours.
10.Projects under the scheme will be sanctioned only in FY 2026-27, with no later sanctions.
11.The scheme's launch follows a National Institute of Solar Energy assessment of floating solar potential.
12.The scheme is limited to a few selected States with large reservoirs.
13.The scheme's CFA of up to Rs.50 lakh per project can be used for feasibility work such as bathymetry and hydrography assessments.

Written by us from the release, not by UPSC; checked by a second model.

Source: PIB, Cabinet, 31 Jul, 16:11 IST · Release 292438

Issue page →

Worth revising until Prelims 2028: most news questions come within two years of the event.

Scheme

Samudra Manthan - National Offshore Exploration Scheme

GS3 Energy securityGS3 EconomyPrelims and Mains

Why in news: On 31 July 2026 the Union Cabinet approved 'Samudra Manthan', the National Offshore Exploration Scheme, with an outlay of Rs.84,084 crore up to FY 2030-31.
What it is: Samudra Manthan is a Central Sector Scheme of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas to speed up offshore oil and gas exploration. It combines seismic data, risk-sharing support for deepwater wells, common infrastructure and domestic manufacturing zones. It follows earlier reforms that opened offshore acreage and changed the contract regime.

Type and outlay: Central Sector Scheme of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, with a Phase-I outlay of ₹84,084 crore up to 31 March 2031.
Drilling support: Government supports up to 50% of eligible drilling cost, capped at ₹675 crore per well, for 60 deepwater exploration wells (₹43,200 crore).
Other components: Seismic data ₹28,534 crore; common offshore infrastructure hubs ₹10,000 crore; Oil and Gas Manufacturing and Services Zones ₹2,000 crore.
Targets: Raise domestic oil and gas output from about 62 to 80 MMTOE a year and the resource base from 1.6 to 2.2 billion TOE, subject to exploration success.
Target basins: Future potential lies in deepwater and ultra-deepwater basins such as Krishna-Godavari, Cauvery, Mahanadi and Andaman.
Contract regime: India moved from Production Sharing Contracts to Revenue Sharing Contracts.
Type and ministry: A Central Sector Scheme of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.
Outlay and period: Rs.84,084 crore, to be implemented up to FY 2030-31.
Components: Seismic data, deepwater and ultra-deepwater drilling, scientific drilling in frontier basins, common offshore production and evacuation infrastructure, and an integrated Oil & Gas Manufacturing and Services Zone.
Expected outcome: Reserve accretion of over 600 MMTOE, more production, employment and indigenous manufacturing.
Origin: Based on the Prime Minister's Independence Day 2025 speech from the Red Fort.

Don’t confuse with Production Sharing vs Revenue Sharing Contract: Under a PSC the government shares profit petroleum after cost recovery. Under a Revenue Sharing Contract the government takes a share of gross revenue, with no cost-recovery audit.

Don’t confuse with Central Sector vs Centrally Sponsored Scheme: A Central Sector Scheme is fully funded and run by the Centre. A Centrally Sponsored Scheme is shared with States.

Don’t confuse with Samudra Manthan vs Deep Ocean Mission: Samudra Manthan targets offshore oil and gas exploration under the Petroleum Ministry. The Deep Ocean Mission is under the Ministry of Earth Sciences and covers deep-sea technology and resources.

Schemes: 52 Prelims questions since 2013, 10 in Prelims 2026 alone. They test features, the period and who funds it. In Mains, 33 news-triggered questions, mostly GS3.

Why it matters

Cuts import dependence: India imports crude worth nearly USD 144 billion a year, and the scheme could cut imports by about ₹1 lakh crore annually.
Shares the risk of costly deepwater wells, which cost about USD 125–150 million each, and so draws private investment.
Builds domestic capability through seismic data, common infrastructure hubs and manufacturing zones.
Raises domestic oil and gas output and reduces import dependence, supporting energy security.
Common infrastructure and a manufacturing zone support Make in India and jobs.

Problems

Exploration is high-risk and slow: 5–10 years from block award to production, and success is not assured.
Existing fields decline by about 6–7% a year, so new finds must first offset this before output rises.
Deepwater work needs advanced technology and large capital, and private firms may stay cautious.
Deepwater and ultra-deepwater drilling is capital-intensive, technically difficult and risky, with uncertain finds.
Needs private and foreign investors, who depend on stable contract terms and clearances.

Way forward

Release seismic data openly and award blocks on time so investors can plan.
Keep fiscal terms stable and speed up clearances, including environmental ones for offshore work.
Pair exploration with cheaper deepwater technology and local manufacturing.
Keep contract and fiscal terms stable to draw investors and technology partners.
Use the National Data Repository and seismic data to cut exploration risk, with environmental safeguards.

Put in your answer

Import bill: India is the world's third-largest crude oil consumer with an import bill of about USD 144 billion a year.

Natural decline: Existing oil and gas fields decline naturally by about 6–7% a year, so continuous exploration is needed.

Acreage opened: Over 99% of earlier 'No-Go' areas were removed, opening over one million sq km of the EEZ for exploration.

Scheme outlay: Rs.84,084 crore up to FY 2030-31, a Central Sector Scheme.

Expected reserve addition: Over 600 MMTOE of reserve accretion is expected.

Earlier upstream reforms: The Government opened almost the entire offshore acreage, modernised the legal and contract framework and strengthened the National Data Repository.

Test yourself

True or false?

1 of 11

Statements the way Prelims prints them. Say first, then see the fact.

1.Samudra Manthan is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme in which States share the cost with the Centre.
2.The scheme offers Government support of up to 50% of eligible drilling cost of deepwater exploration wells, subject to a cap of ₹675 crore per well.
3.The scheme provides for drilling of 60 deepwater exploration wells.
4.The largest share of the scheme's outlay is for offshore seismic data acquisition.
5.The scheme aims to raise India's domestic oil and gas production from around 62 MMTOE to 80 MMTOE annually, subject to exploration success.
6.Krishna-Godavari, Cauvery and Mahanadi are among the deepwater basins the release names as holding India's future hydrocarbon potential.
7.The scheme is administered by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.
8.The scheme has an approved outlay running up to FY 2030-31.
9.The scheme is expected to add reserves of over 600 MMTOE.
10.The scheme is limited to shallow-water drilling and excludes deepwater and ultra-deepwater wells.
11.The scheme includes establishing an integrated Oil & Gas Manufacturing and Services Zone.

Written by us from the release, not by UPSC; checked by a second model.

Source: PIB, Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, 31 Jul, 16:21 IST · Release 292443

Issue page →

Worth revising until Prelims 2028: most news questions come within two years of the event.

Law and statutory body

Viksit Bharat-Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) (VB-G RAM G) Act, 2025

GS2 Welfare schemes - Rural employmentGS3 Inclusive growthPrelims and Mains

Why in news: On 31 July 2026, the Rural Development Ministry told Rajya Sabha that the VB-G RAM G Act, 2025 has been in force since 1 July 2026, with 125 days of guaranteed work and a 60:40 or 90:10 Centre-State fund split.
What it is: The VB-G RAM G Act, 2025 is a statutory framework for guaranteed rural wage employment and livelihood support. It gives rural households whose adult members volunteer for unskilled manual work a legal right to work. It stresses asset creation, convergence with other programmes and technology-based monitoring.

Commencement: The Act came into force on 1 July 2026.
Guaranteed days: Guaranteed employment rises from 100 to 125 days a financial year per rural household whose adult members volunteer for unskilled manual work.
Fund sharing: Under section 22(2), the Centre and States share costs 90:10 for North Eastern and Himalayan States and J&K, and 60:40 for other States and UTs with legislature.
Worker rights: The Act expressly provides unemployment allowance if work is not given in time and compensation for delayed wages.
Wage payment: Wages are paid through the DBT-SPARSH platform directly into workers' bank accounts.

Don’t confuse with VB-G RAM G vs MGNREGA: MGNREGA guaranteed 100 days; VB-G RAM G Act, 2025 guarantees 125 days with a changed Centre-State funding pattern.

Don’t confuse with Central share vs total outlay: ₹95,692.31 crore is the Central share; the total with State share is over ₹1.51 lakh crore.

Test yourself

Source: PIB, Ministry of Rural Development, 31 Jul, 17:15 IST · Release 292458

Issue page →

Worth revising until Prelims 2028: most news questions come within two years of the event.

Scheme

PM-KISAN

GS3 Agriculture - Farmer supportGS2 Welfare schemesPrelims and Mains

Why in news: On 31 July 2026, the Union Cabinet approved continuing PM-KISAN from 2026-27 to 2030-31 with an outlay of Rs.3.15 lakh crore.
What it is: PM-KISAN (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi) is an income support scheme for landholding farmer families, launched on 24 February 2019. It gives ₹6,000 a year in three equal instalments of ₹2,000 through Direct Benefit Transfer to Aadhaar-seeded bank accounts. It is a Central Sector scheme fully funded by the Centre, with States identifying beneficiaries.

Who identifies beneficiaries: State Governments identify eligible farmer households and build the beneficiary database.
Exclusions and recovery: Income tax payers, government employees, PSU personnel and holders of constitutional posts are ineligible; recovery is done from them.
Monitoring: The national-level review mechanism is chaired by the Cabinet Secretary, with State and District Monitoring Committees below it.
Cumulative disbursal: More than ₹4.47 lakh crore was disbursed through the first 23 instalments.
Mode of payment: Support reaches eligible farmer families through Direct Benefit Transfer.
Agriculture Infrastructure Fund: Under the AIF, about ₹1.75 lakh crore has been invested across more than 2.28 lakh projects.
Scheme type and funding: PM-KISAN is a Central Sector scheme, fully funded by the Centre. It pays ₹6,000 a year in three instalments.
Benefit: Eligible landholding farmer families get Rs.6,000 a year in three equal instalments, paid into bank accounts.
Launch: The scheme was launched in February 2019.
Disbursal so far: Over Rs.4.47 lakh crore has been transferred through 23 instalments.
Women beneficiaries: Women farmers received over Rs.1.06 lakh crore, nearly one in four beneficiaries.
Funding: PM-KISAN is a Central Sector scheme, funded 100% by the Centre.
Cumulative payout: Total disbursement since the 24 February 2019 launch will exceed Rs 4.46 lakh crore.
Funding and type: PM-KISAN is a Central Sector scheme, fully funded by the Centre. It pays Rs 6,000 a year in three instalments by DBT.
Payment: Each eligible family gets ₹6,000 a year in three equal instalments of ₹2,000, paid into Aadhaar-seeded bank accounts.
Role of States: States identify eligible households and build the beneficiary database. They must also start recovery where ineligible people were paid.
Budget 2026-27: The Union Budget 2026-27 allocated ₹60,000 crore to the scheme.
Voluntary Surrender: A facility lets affluent farmers give up the benefit; accounts surrendered by mistake can be reactivated.

Don’t confuse with Central Sector vs Centrally Sponsored: Central Sector schemes are 100% Centre-funded; Centrally Sponsored schemes share costs with States. The release calls PM-KISAN centrally sponsored, but it is a Central Sector scheme.

Don’t confuse with PM-KISAN vs PM Fasal Bima Yojana: PM-KISAN gives income support. PMFBY is crop insurance for risk protection.

Don’t confuse with PM-KISAN vs PMFBY: PM-KISAN is cash income support; PMFBY is crop insurance against losses.

Schemes: 52 Prelims questions since 2013, 10 in Prelims 2026 alone. They test features, the period and who funds it. In Mains, 33 news-triggered questions, mostly GS3.

Why it matters

Gives small and marginal farmers assured cash for inputs, reducing reliance on informal credit.
DBT with Aadhaar and e-KYC cuts leakages and intermediaries.
Gives small farmers a predictable cash income through DBT, without middlemen.
Gives assured, direct income support to small and marginal farmers and reduces dependence on informal credit.
Shows DBT with Aadhaar-based verification can cut leakages.
Assured, direct income support reduces reliance on informal credit and helps buy inputs.
DBT removes intermediaries and cuts leakage.
Regular DBT gives small farmers assured cash for inputs and cuts leakages.
Launching insurance, AgriStack and natural farming alongside builds a wider support system for farmers.
Direct cash transfer eases farmers' liquidity constraints and cuts reliance on informal credit.
Aadhaar-linked DBT lowers leakage and removes intermediaries.
Gives assured income support to small and marginal farmers and boosts rural demand.
DBT through digital infrastructure cuts leakages and middlemen.

Problems

Exclusion of tenant farmers and sharecroppers, since it is tied to land records.
Ineligible payments needed recovery (₹416.75 crore as of December 2025); land record and Aadhaar-seeding gaps persist.
Keeping the beneficiary list accurate and excluding ineligible people, and leaving out tenant farmers who hold no land records.
Tenant farmers and sharecroppers without land records are left out.
Fixed Rs.6,000 has not kept pace with input costs and inflation.
Exclusion of tenant farmers and landless labourers, since the scheme depends on land records.
Ineligible payments to tax payers and others need recovery.
Tenant and landless farmers are left out because eligibility depends on land records.
Outdated land records and eKYC or Aadhaar mismatches cause exclusions.
Tenant farmers and landless labourers are excluded because eligibility rests on land records.
Outdated land records, Aadhaar-bank mismatches and ineligible payments, with ₹416.75 crore recovered so far, hurt targeting.
Exclusion of eligible farmers, such as tenant farmers, and errors in land records and e-KYC.
Ineligible or deceased beneficiaries need continuous weeding out.

Way forward

Digitise and update land records and include tenant cultivators.
Strengthen State verification and grievance redressal.
Digitise and update land records and link them to the beneficiary database to improve targeting and include tenant farmers.
Clean and digitise land records to include tenant farmers.
Review the amount periodically and target it better.
Complete land-record and Aadhaar seeding, and integrate with AgriStack.
Strengthen verification and grievance redressal to reduce errors.
Digitise land records and link them with AgriStack to improve targeting.
Pair income support with insurance, credit and input reforms.
Update and digitise land records and extend coverage to tenant farmers.
Strengthen e-KYC and database checks to prevent duplicate and ineligible payments.
Complete land-record digitisation and e-KYC to reach 100% saturation.
Use periodic verification to remove ineligible entries.

Put in your answer

Cumulative disbursement: Over ₹4.64 lakh crore has gone to farmers through 24 instalments.

Recoveries from ineligible: ₹416.75 crore recovered from ineligible beneficiaries as of December 2025.

Cumulative PM-KISAN disbursal: More than ₹4.47 lakh crore was disbursed through 23 instalments.

AIF investments: About ₹1.75 lakh crore invested across over 2.28 lakh projects to cut post-harvest losses.

Cumulative transfers: Over Rs.4.47 lakh crore sent to farmers through 23 instalments.

Use of funds: DMEO found over 92% of beneficiaries used the money for agriculture.

Recovery from ineligible: ₹416.75 crore recovered from ineligible beneficiaries as of December 2025.

PM-KISAN scale: Cumulative payouts will exceed Rs 4.46 lakh crore since 2019. Use this to show the scheme's reach.

AgriStack: AgriStack is a unified digital platform for fertiliser distribution, Kisan Credit Cards, DBT and MSP procurement. It is part of the Digital Agriculture Mission.

Cumulative disbursal: More than ₹4.27 lakh crore has been disbursed since launch, making it one of the world's largest DBT initiatives.

NITI Aayog evaluation: Nearly 85 percent of beneficiaries reported better farm income and less reliance on informal credit.

Women beneficiaries: Over 2.15 crore women farmers receive the 22nd instalment.

Test yourself

True or false?

1 of 32

Statements the way Prelims prints them. Say first, then see the fact.

1.Under PM-KISAN, State Governments are responsible for identifying eligible farmer households and preparing the beneficiary database.
2.The national-level review of PM-KISAN is chaired by the Union Agriculture Minister.
3.Income tax payers and holders of constitutional posts are among those ineligible for PM-KISAN benefits.
4.Kisan-eMitra, the PM-KISAN chatbot, was developed with technical support from the EkStep Foundation and BHASHINI.
5.PM-KISAN is a Central Sector scheme funded fully by the Union Government.
6.Under PM-KISAN, eligible farmer families get ₹6,000 a year in three equal instalments.
7.PM-KISAN money is paid through Direct Benefit Transfer to bank accounts.
8.PM-KISAN was launched in 2019.
9.PM-KISAN cost-shares its funding between the Centre and States in a 60:40 ratio.
10.PM-KISAN pays ₹6,000 a year in four quarterly instalments.
11.Through the first 23 instalments, PM-KISAN had disbursed more than ₹4.47 lakh crore.
12.The scheme is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme, implemented by State governments with the Centre's share.
13.PM-KISAN provides Rs.6,000 per year to eligible landholding farmer families in three equal instalments.
14.PM-KISAN was launched in February 2019.
15.PM-KISAN is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme in which States share the cost with the Centre.
16.The money under the scheme is transferred through the Direct Benefit Transfer system.
17.Roughly half of the beneficiaries of PM-KISAN are women farmers.
18.The evaluation of the scheme's impact cited in the release was conducted by the Development Monitoring and Evaluation Office of NITI Aayog.
19.The scheme was launched in February 2019.
20.State Governments are responsible for identifying eligible farmer households under PM-KISAN.
21.Income tax payers and government employees are among those ineligible, and amounts paid to them are subject to recovery.
22.Kisan-eMitra, the AI chatbot linked to PM-KISAN, was developed with technical support from the EkStep Foundation and BHASHINI.
23.Funds under PM-KISAN are transferred to farmers through the state cooperative banks only, without use of PFMS or NPCI.
24.Under PM-KISAN, each eligible farmer family receives ₹6,000 a year in three equal instalments of ₹2,000.
25.Beneficiary identification under PM-KISAN is done by the Central Government through the PM-KISAN portal, without any role for States.
26.The national-level review of PM-KISAN is chaired by the Cabinet Secretary.
27.Under PM-KISAN, States and Union Territories must initiate recovery of benefits paid to ineligible persons such as income tax payers and government employees.
28.PM-KISAN provides Rs 6,000 a year to each eligible farmer family in three equal instalments.
29.Benefits under PM-KISAN are transferred through Direct Benefit Transfer to beneficiaries' bank accounts.
30.The PM-KISAN portal's Know Your Status module lets beneficiaries check payment status, Aadhaar linking and e-KYC status.
31.The face-authentication e-KYC app under PM-KISAN requires an OTP or a biometric device.
32.The Voluntary Surrender facility under PM-KISAN is meant for affluent farmers.

Written by us from the release, not by UPSC; checked by a second model.

Source: PIB, Cabinet, 31 Jul, 16:13 IST · Release 292439

Issue page →

Worth revising until Prelims 2028: most news questions come within two years of the event.

Scheme

Khelo India Scheme

GS2 Welfare schemes - SportsPrelims and Mains

Why in news: On 31 July 2026 the Union Cabinet approved a revamped Khelo India Scheme and an enhanced Assistance to National Sports Federations (ANSF) scheme, with a combined outlay of Rs 36,441 crore for 2026-27 to 2030-31.
What it is: Khelo India is the Centre's flagship programme to build grassroots sports and a talent pipeline in India. It is run by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports and links school and university competitions to elite support such as TOPS. The ANSF scheme separately funds National Sports Federations for training, equipment and international events.

New school initiatives: Khelo India Feeder Schools (KIFS) and Khelo India Utkrishta Vidyalayas (KIUV) are introduced to integrate sports with mainstream education.
E-KIAs category: Emerging Khelo India Athletes (E-KIAs) are created alongside existing Khelo India Athletes, expanding the athlete pool nearly ten times.
National Coach Accreditation Board: A National Coach Accreditation Board (NCAB) will be set up to standardise coaching qualifications.
Pathway to TOPS: The scheme sets a progression from grassroots competitions to Khelo India and then to the Target Olympic Podium Scheme (TOPS).
Nodal ministry: Khelo India is implemented by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports.

Don’t confuse with Khelo India vs TOPS: Khelo India is the broad grassroots-to-talent programme; TOPS is the elite scheme supporting medal prospects for the Olympics and Paralympics.

Don’t confuse with Khelo India vs Fit India: Khelo India builds sports talent and competition; Fit India is a fitness movement for the general public, now being expanded.

Schemes: 52 Prelims questions since 2013, 10 in Prelims 2026 alone. They test features, the period and who funds it. In Mains, 33 news-triggered questions, mostly GS3.

Test yourself

Source: PIB, Cabinet, 31 Jul, 16:15 IST · Release 292440

Issue page →

Worth revising until Prelims 2028: most news questions come within two years of the event.

Economy

UPI cross-border payment linkages

GS3 Economy - Digital paymentsGS2 India and neighboursPrelims and Mains

Why in news: On 30 July 2026 the Maldives Monetary Authority announced that its instant payment system Favara went live with India's UPI. The Ministry of Finance announced this on 31 July 2026.
What it is: Favara is the Maldives' instant payment system, run under the Maldives Monetary Authority. Linking it with UPI, India's real-time retail payment system, lets money move between the two countries' bank accounts through mobile apps. NPCI International Payments Limited (NIPL) is the international arm of NPCI that builds such links.

Go-live date: The Favara-UPI integration went live on 30 July 2026.
Currency conversion: Transfers start in Maldivian Rufiyaa and are credited in Indian Rupees through UPI.
Participating banks: Two Maldivian banks, Bank of Maldives and Maldives Islamic Bank, joined in the first phase. Only person-to-person transfers are covered at first.
Agency behind the link: The agreement was signed between NIPL and the MMA in July 2025.
Next phase: Later phases will add QR-based merchant payments and other digital payment services.
NIPL parent: NIPL is the international arm of the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI).
Link launched: India and Nepal launched a P2P cross-border remittance mechanism on 6 June 2026.
Systems linked: India's UPI is directly linked to Nepal's National Payments Interface (NPI). Transfers run through mobile banking apps and digital wallets.
Implementing bodies: NIPL, the international arm of NPCI, worked with Nepal Clearing House Limited (NCHL) on the technical integration.
UPI reach: The release lists nine countries where UPI is accepted: Singapore, UAE, France, Mauritius, Nepal, Bhutan, Qatar, Sri Lanka and Cambodia.
NPCI: NPCI runs UPI. It was set up as an umbrella body for retail payment systems in India, with guidance from the RBI and the Indian Banks' Association.
Launch and operator: UPI was launched on 11 April 2016 by NPCI, under the regulatory oversight of the RBI.
FY2026 scale: Annual volume rose from 2 crore transactions in FY2016-17 to over 24,162 crore in FY2025-26, about a 12,000-fold rise.
Global share: The IMF recognised UPI as the world's largest real-time payment system by volume, with about 49% of global real-time transactions.
Bank participation: Banks live on UPI grew from 44 in FY2016-17 to 703 by FY2025-26.

Don’t confuse with NPCI vs NIPL: NPCI runs UPI inside India. NIPL is its subsidiary that takes UPI abroad and signs cross-border links.

Don’t confuse with Inward link vs outward acceptance: Favara-UPI lets Maldives residents send money to India. UPI acceptance abroad lets Indian travellers pay in other countries. They are different directions of use.

Don’t confuse with NIPL vs NPCI: NPCI runs domestic retail payment systems like UPI. NIPL is its subsidiary that takes them abroad.

Don’t confuse with NPI vs NCHL: NPI is Nepal's payments interface. NCHL is the Nepali clearing house that worked on the link with NIPL.

Don’t confuse with UPI vs NPCI: NPCI is the organisation that runs UPI and other retail payment systems. UPI is one payment system run by it.

Don’t confuse with NPCI vs RBI: RBI regulates payment systems. NPCI operates UPI under that oversight.

Economy terms and data: 42 Prelims questions since 2013, rising in recent years; they test what a term or instrument means. In Mains, 12 news-triggered questions.

Why it matters

Cheaper and faster remittances support people-to-people and economic ties with a neighbour.
Spreads UPI as a payment standard abroad and supports rupee use in cross-border transactions.
Cheaper, faster remittances for the large flow of money and travellers between India and Nepal.
Extends India's digital public infrastructure to the neighbourhood and supports financial inclusion.
Boosts financial inclusion and formalises small-value retail payments.
Serves as a digital public infrastructure model that India can export through cross-border links.

Problems

Transfers are limited to certain remittance categories and two banks at first, so reach is narrow.
Cross-border links raise compliance, fraud and exchange-rate management issues for both central banks.
Differences in regulation, data rules and fraud handling across the two countries.
Foreign exchange rules and transaction limits can restrict use.
Heavy dependence on a single platform raises concentration and outage risks.
Fraud and cyber-security risks grow with scale, and small-ticket payments leave limited scope for revenue.

Way forward

Extend to more banks and to merchant QR payments as planned.
Align regulation and settlement arrangements between the RBI and partner central banks.
Harmonise payment rules and set up cross-border grievance redressal.
Extend links to more neighbours and consider linking multiple fast-payment systems.
Strengthen fraud detection, grievance redress and system resilience.
Widen cross-border linkages and bring in new users and merchants.

Put in your answer

Corridor design: The Favara-UPI corridor shows a model of central bank and payment-agency collaboration, with RBI, MMA and NIPL involved.

UPI abroad: The release lists nine countries where UPI is accepted, including Singapore, UAE, France, Nepal and Bhutan.

Growth in volume: Volume grew from 2 crore transactions in FY2016-17 to over 24,162 crore in FY2025-26.

Small-ticket use: 86% of P2M transactions are below ₹500, showing deep use in everyday retail.

No practice question for this one; the card may still help an answer. Why: Favara-UPI link goes live. Economy terms are 13% of news-linked Prelims, but facts here are thin for a statement-based question.

Source: PIB, Ministry of Finance, 31 Jul, 13:35 IST · Release 292406

Issue page →

Worth revising until Prelims 2028: most news questions come within two years of the event.

Scheme

Mission Poshan 2.0 and Rashtriya Poshan Maah

GS2 Welfare schemesPrelims and Mains

Why in news: On 31 July 2026, the Minister of State for Women and Child Development told Lok Sabha about the services, Saksham Anganwadi upgrades, worker incentives, Poshan Tracker and Poshan Vatikas under Mission Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0.
What it is: Mission Poshan 2.0 is India's unified National Nutrition Mission, run by the Ministry of Women and Child Development. It merges POSHAN Abhiyaan, Anganwadi Services/ICDS and the Scheme for Adolescent Girls into one framework. Rashtriya Poshan Maah is its annual September awareness campaign.

Formation of Poshan 2.0: Mission Poshan 2.0 was integrated in Union Budget 2021-22 under the Ministry of Women and Child Development.
Schemes merged: It combines POSHAN Abhiyaan, Anganwadi Services/ICDS and the Scheme for Adolescent Girls.
POSHAN Abhiyaan launch: POSHAN Abhiyaan began in March 2018 as a multi-ministerial convergence mission.
Poshan Tracker: Launched 1 March 2021, it is the digital tool for near real-time monitoring of Anganwadi services.
Beneficiaries: Supplementary Nutrition covers children (6 months to 6 years), pregnant women, lactating mothers and adolescent girls (14-18 years).
Forms of delivery: Supplementary Nutrition is given as Take-Home Ration, Morning Snacks and Hot Cooked Meal.
Legal basis of norms: Nutrition norms come from Schedule-II of the National Food Security Act, 2013, revised in January 2023.
SAM children: Severely Acute Malnourished children aged 6 months to 5 years get additional nutrition as THR.
Dietary Guidelines: The Dietary Guidelines for Indians, 2024 were released by ICMR-NIN; the guidelines urge less edible oil, salt and sugar.
Awareness events: Poshan Maah is in September and Poshan Pakhwada in March-April; Anganwadi workers must hold two Community Based Events a month.
Six services: Supplementary Nutrition, Pre-school Non-formal Education, Nutrition & Health Education, Immunization, Health Check-up and Referral Services are given through Anganwadi Centres.
Health services via NHM: Three of the six services (immunization, health check-up, referral) are health-related and delivered through the National Health Mission and public health infrastructure.
Saksham Anganwadis: Two lakh AWCs in government buildings were sanctioned as Saksham Anganwadis in the 15th Finance Commission cycle.
Worker incentive: Anganwadi Workers get ₹500 and Helpers ₹250 a month for growth monitoring of at least 80% of children aged 0-6 and at least 60% of home visits.
Adolescent girls coverage: Girls aged 14-18 are covered only in Aspirational Districts and all districts of the North Eastern Region.
Honorarium: From 1 October 2018, the honorarium of Anganwadi Workers rose from Rs 3,000 to Rs 4,500 a month. For Helpers it rose from Rs 1,500 to Rs 2,250.
Pankhudi Portal: A portal to enable organisations, individuals and corporates to collaborate on activities under Poshan 2.0, Mission Shakti and Mission Vatsalya.

Don’t confuse with Poshan Maah vs Poshan Pakhwada: Poshan Maah is held in September for a month; Poshan Pakhwada is a two-week campaign held in April.

Don’t confuse with POSHAN Abhiyaan vs Mission Poshan 2.0: POSHAN Abhiyaan (2018) is one component; Poshan 2.0 (2021-22) is the wider mission that includes it along with ICDS and the adolescent girls scheme.

Don’t confuse with Supplementary Nutrition vs Mid-Day Meal (PM POSHAN): Supplementary Nutrition is for under-6 children, mothers and adolescent girls via Anganwadis; PM POSHAN serves school children.

Don’t confuse with Poshan Vatika vs Saksham Anganwadi: Poshan Vatika is a nutrition garden at an AWC; Saksham Anganwadi is an upgraded AWC with LED screens, water filters, ECCE material and a Poshan Vatika.

Don’t confuse with Poshan 2.0 vs POSHAN Abhiyaan: POSHAN Abhiyaan was the earlier 2018 nutrition mission; Poshan 2.0 merged it with Anganwadi Services and the adolescent girls scheme.

Don’t confuse with Poshan Tracker vs Pankhudi Portal: Poshan Tracker is a monitoring app for service delivery and beneficiaries. Pankhudi is a collaboration portal for partners and donors across three Missions.

Schemes: 52 Prelims questions since 2013, 10 in Prelims 2026 alone. They test features, the period and who funds it. In Mains, 33 news-triggered questions, mostly GS3.

Why it matters

Targets malnutrition in the first 1,000 days, which shapes child growth and learning.
Treats nutrition as a Jan Andolan, using community mobilisation along with delivery of services.
Revised norms move nutrition policy from calories to diet diversity and micronutrients, addressing hidden hunger.
Local menus improve acceptance and support millets and indigenous foods.
Combines nutrition, early education and health in one platform, targeting stunting and wasting.
Poshan Tracker gives near real time data for monitoring and course correction.
Aadhaar-based tracking and face matching help prevent leakage and ghost entries in nutrition benefits.
Linking Anganwadis with NHM joins nutrition, early education and health in one delivery point.

Problems

Quality, freshness and hygiene of hot cooked meals vary across centres.
Behaviour change and community accountability are hard to sustain beyond annual campaigns.
Quality, hygiene and uniform delivery of THR and hot meals across States is hard to monitor.
Behaviour change on diets needs sustained counselling by overworked Anganwadi workers.
Services depend on health-sector delivery through NHM, which needs coordination.
Data quality and workload on Anganwadi workers, and gaps in infrastructure at AWCs.
Biometric and face authentication can exclude beneficiaries who cannot visit the centre; the nominee module only partly addresses this.
Anganwadi workers remain honorary, with pay varying across States.

Way forward

Make Anganwadi Management Committees and menu boards work for social audit and transparency.
Use Poshan Tracker data and FSSAI quality testing to fix gaps in service delivery.
Use Poshan Tracker data and social audits to check quality and leakages.
Involve local experts and self-help groups to build State-specific recipes and train workers.
Strengthen convergence with health, education and local bodies.
Train and fairly pay workers, and verify Tracker data through audits.
Keep alternatives for beneficiaries who fail authentication and audit exclusion.
Improve worker pay and training, and use the Pankhudi Portal with safeguards.

Put in your answer

Anganwadi network scale: As of 31 July 2026, about 13.99 lakh Anganwadi Centres and 13.30 lakh workers reach nearly 8.94 crore beneficiaries.

Jan Andolan reach: More than 150 crore Jan Andolan activities have been held since 2018 through 16 Jan Andolans.

Community Based Events: About 10.5 crore CBEs were reported on Poshan Tracker from April 2022 to June 2026.

Saksham Anganwadi target: Two lakh AWCs in government buildings sanctioned for upgrade in the 15th FC cycle.

Dietary diversity via Poshan Vatika: Nutrition gardens address the dietary diversity gap and micronutrient deficiencies with local produce.

Poshan Tracker Aadhaar verification: 99.88% of registered beneficiaries on the Poshan Tracker dashboard are Aadhaar verified.

Universal umbrella scheme: The Mission has no entry barriers; any beneficiary willing to undergo eKYC with face recognition is entitled to benefits.

Test yourself

Source: PIB, Ministry of Women and Child Development, 31 Jul, 14:07 IST · Release 292412

Issue page →

Worth revising until Prelims 2028: most news questions come within two years of the event.

Economy

Policy for Award of Waterfront and Land to Port Dependent Industries (Captive Policy)

GS3 Infrastructure - PortsPrelims and Mains

Why in news: On July 31, 2026, the Union Cabinet approved a revised policy for awarding waterfront and land to port dependent industries (the Captive Policy) at Major Ports. It updates the 2016 policy.
What it is: The Captive Policy sets the rules under which Major Port Authorities give waterfront and nearby land to industries that use a port mainly for their own cargo, such as fertilizer, steel or oil firms. The 2016 version was the earlier framework. The 2026 revision changes how concessions are renewed, expanded and awarded.

Renewal without tender: Major Port Authorities can renew or extend existing PDI concessions for up to 30 years without a fresh tender, at the higher of market rate or indexed existing revenue.
Expansion through bidding with RoFR: Expansion by existing captive users is priced by competitive bidding. The existing concessionaire may match the highest bid under a Right of First Refusal.
Bidder eligibility: Only eligible PDIs handling the same cargo profile can take part in the expansion bidding.
Co-terminus tenure: A new berth or terminal built under expansion has a concession period co-terminus with the maximum period of the existing facility. This stops the expansion route from being used to extend tenure.
Government entities: For the first time, eligible government organisations can get waterfront and land without competitive bidding, at the notified floor price, subject to availability and safeguards.
Cargo profile change: Cargo profile can be changed after the lock-in period, or at once if a change in law requires it.

Don’t confuse with Major Ports vs non-major ports: Major Ports are under the Union government and run by Major Port Authorities, so this policy applies to them. Non-major ports are under State maritime boards.

Economy terms and data: 42 Prelims questions since 2013, rising in recent years; they test what a term or instrument means. In Mains, 12 news-triggered questions.

No practice question for this one; the card may still help an answer. Why: Cabinet-approved revision of the 2016 policy on private investment in ports. Worth reading; few numeric facts for a Prelims statement.

Source: PIB, Ministry of Shipping, 31 Jul, 19:38 IST · Release 292472

Issue page →

Worth revising until Prelims 2028: most news questions come within two years of the event.

Quick facts

APEDA facilitated the first air shipment of Karnataka's Neelam and Totapuri mangoes to the Maldives on 30 July 2026.
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs will now function through two departments: Capital Development and Urban Development.
Army chief launched indigenous Xtreme Weather Grade Diesel, effective down to minus 42 degrees Celsius and BS-VI compliant.
MoPSW is formulating National Water Metro Guidelines, 2026; IWAI has studied urban water metro feasibility at 18 locations.
Indian Railways carried a live donor heart by train for the first time, on a Vande Bharat from Surat to Ahmedabad.
CAQM extended the start of the revised 50 mg/Nm³ PM emission standard for Delhi-NCR industries to 1 October 2026.
Air Marshal Sandeep Thareja will be the next DGAFMS, taking over on 31 August 2026.
Varsha Ashok Aglawe is the first woman Director General of the Geological Survey of India.

Source: PIB, 31 Jul

What we left out: 63 of 80 releases

Tributes and messages (2)
Visit schedules (1)
Routine MoUs (2)
Ceremonies and campaigns (7)
Clarifications and rebuttals (2)
Company funding support (2)
Courtesy meetings (1)
Condolences and ex-gratia (1)
Same issue as another release (9)
Parliament replies, routine (1)
Same issue already on file (3)
Speeches without a decision (5)
Routine scheme replies (15)
Congratulatory messages (4)
Routine data features (2)
Beneficiary success stories (2)
Recommendations without a decision (1)
Workshops and webinars (3)

Practise the day’s news

In UPSC’s formats, inside each issue. The answer and why come after you choose.

1Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024MCQ · 15 true or false · Mains
2Pradhan Mantri Surya Sarovar Yojana (PM-SSY)MCQ · 13 true or false · Mains
3Samudra Manthan - National Offshore Exploration SchemeMCQ · 11 true or false · Mains
4Viksit Bharat-Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) (VB-G RAM G) Act, 2025MCQ · 7 true or false · Mains
5PM-KISANMCQ · 32 true or false
6Khelo India SchemeMCQ · 7 true or false
7Mission Poshan 2.0 and Rashtriya Poshan MaahMCQ · 6 true or false

Mains question of the day

15 marks · 250 words

The Government has introduced the Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Amendment Bill, 2026, which raises penalties, sets time limits for investigation and trial, and creates Special Fast Track Courts. Discuss the provisions of the Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024 and the 2026 Amendment Bill. Examine the challenges in preventing exam malpractice through stricter penalties and time-bound trials alone.

From: Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024

Write and get it marked

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