While examining the shortcomings of the land reforms in the past, elaborate what land reforms 2.0 should look like.

While the land reforms were initially aimed at abolition of intermediaries, tenancy reforms and effective land ceilings, issues such as legal loopholes, judicial delays, lack of political will and nexus of officials with landholders impeded their functioning.

• could not address inequalities of land distribution | | 2) Land Ceiling | - Family landholding not considered initially | | - for redistribution of excess land | - High ceiling limits eg > Andhra Pradesh
• multiple exemptions to ceiling. Eg > 22 exemptions in Tamil Nadu | | 3) Tenancy Reforms | - evictions
• delay in rollout
• informal tenancy agreements |

In light of these shortcomings, Land Reforms 2.0 must do the following:

1. Clear title rights with land mapping through SWAMITVA scheme, geo-mapping, GIS integration.

2. Address land fragmentation (90% families own less than 2 hectares of land) - (i) consolidation of landholdings (ii) cooperative farming (iii) rejuvenation of waste lands, fallow lands

3. Address litigation on land.

4. Check diversion of agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes.

5. Use Agri-Stack to maintain holistic repository - (i) farmer's ID (ii) GIS maps of land (iii) Details on crops grown, soil health etc.

6. Soil rejuvenation and health eg> Soil Health Card, Agri-extension service.

7. Promote sustainable land use through organic farming, ZBNF.

8. Integrated Farm Management approach with agroforestry, horticulture and animal husbandry to be promoted.