A. "It is wrong to assume that ethical decisions are, can or should be purely rational and principled. Human feelings are an inseparable part of our ethical life." In what way do feelings impact our ethical decisions? Illustrate with examples.

1. Overly objectification without elements of subjectivity. eg. Strong and rigid rules & regulations hinder administrative function. (2) Ends vs means - wrong means could be used to justify ends eg. Use of nuclear weapons to stop WWII.

However, a balance of all three - principles, rationality & human feelings truely make a decision ethical - (1) help in resolving ethical dilemmas - eg. following rules vs saving human lives - Jharkhand PDS case study. (2) provide humane dimension to administration. (3) help achieve aims of public welfare as almost duty - eg. frontier workers during COVID. (4) promotes peace and harmony in society [Right Approach] - deters war as values human lives.

In today's world of uncertainties, war and disasters, there is need to take holistic ethical decisions which value human feelings along with rationale & principles.

Ethics management refers to managing one's own values, morals and ethical deliberations along with managing societies ethical perspective to achieve goals and harmony in society.

Components of ethical management

Public officials can to a certain degree manage ethics in workplace - (1) Balancing teleological ethics with deontological ethics

• eg use of conscience to fill gaps in laws & rules. (2) Creating a positive value oriented work culture
• eg Japan civil society is high value oriented & contribute to nation building. (3) Building trust and goodwill - by timely service delivery e.g. strong GRM mechanisms, social audits etc.

Role of code of ethics & conduct in managing ethics in workplace - (1) set norms & standards to be fulfilled. (2) supplements laws and rules (3) fill legislative & executive vaccume (4) prevent misuse of discretion (5) prevent vices like corruption and bribery.

However, they aren't sufficient as individual compliance to them vary.

Something more is needed - (1) Individuals with strong moral principles - role of parenting (2) Societies with highest ethical standards. (3) Nation rewarding ethical conduct.

Individual & social reforms are needed for code of ethics and conduct to bear fruitful results.

The above case is similar to temple entry in shabrimala temple where on one hand fear of unrest in community and on other hand it is gender equality.

Administrative issues involved (1) Issue of law & order - unrest in community due to protect their traditions & customs. (2) local politicians corrupt behaviour - political gains supremacy over people welfare. (3) Constitutional principles vs traditions - gender equality (Art 15) vs exclusion of women from temple - discrimination based on gender.

Ethical issues involved (1) Exclusion of women - ethically wrong (2) perpetuation of injustice and dogmas. (3) Respect for local tradition & customs - faith of local community depends on it. (4) local people's sentiments related to religious practice. (5) Issue of human & property loss due to social unrest.

Options available along with merits & demerits - (1) As a progressive officer, support young educated women

(b) Support temple authorities in denying entry to women

(c) Try bringing social reform by way of consultation with both sides (young women, religious authorities)

My chosen course of action will be multidimensional - First, I will start consultation to understand both sides perspective.

If worked -> social unrest saved. If doesn't work ->

If consultations fails, I will give support to educated young women in their drive for temple entry.

I will try to keep their protest non-violent and within legal means.

In order to manage issue of social unrest - (1) Use of local change agents - e.g. leaders, NGOs, progressive figures etc. (2) Preventive measure alongwith curative actions

• deployment of forces
• Warnings and messages to people.
• punishment to miscreants