UPSC current affairs · Friday

Current Affairs, 16 October 2026

5 issues picked from 50 PIB releases · about 2 minutes each · written by UPSC Grade, each fact checked against its PIB release or by a second model

How to readRead “Why in news” and “What it is” for every issue. Open For Prelims or For Mains for the exam you’re preparing for, then Test yourself at the foot of each card. Half the news questions in Prelims are answered from background, not the news itself.

In 60 seconds

National Waterway-2 and Indo-Bangladesh Protocol Route. India adds riverine lighthouses, surveys and digital tools to make inland waterway navigation safer.
Martian Analogue Sites. Minerals melanterite and gypsum mark Tamil Nadu and Atacama sites as Mars analogues.
PAIMANA Infrastructure Performance Dashboard. MoSPI's PAIMANA infrastructure dashboard expands to 184 indicators in its quarterly update.
Scheme of Assistance to National Sports Federations. Sports ministry issues guidelines for revised NSF assistance scheme, adding hosting, Olympic centres and Global South components.
Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM). CAQM orders live PTZ camera monitoring in all NCR polluting industries by 30 November 2026.

Place in the news

National Waterway-2 and Indo-Bangladesh Protocol Route

GS3 Infrastructure / Inland WaterwaysGS2 International RelationsPrelims and Mains

Why in news: A PIB backgrounder of 16 October 2026 describes India's push for safer inland navigation. It highlights the first riverine lighthouses on the Brahmaputra (National Waterway-2), hydrographic surveys and digital tools.
What it is: National Waterway-2 is the Brahmaputra stretch in Assam from Sadiya to Dhubri. It is the longest navigable stretch among Indian waterways and carries tea, coal and fertiliser cargo. It links to Bangladesh through the Indo-Bangladesh Protocol Route.

NW-2 length: NW-2 runs from Dhubri to Sadiya over 891 km of navigable length, the longest of any Indian waterway.
Least Available Depth: LAD is the minimum water depth available in a navigation channel for a stretch and period. It sets the permissible vessel draft and cargo capacity.
Digital platforms: PANI gives navigation and asset information on one portal. Naudarshika, the National River Traffic and Navigation System, was launched in 2025.
NW-2 stretch: NW-2 is the Brahmaputra from Sadiya to Dhubri, 891 km, declared a national waterway in 1988.
Cargo and destination: APCL methanol made at Namrup is bound for Pangaon Port in Bangladesh.
Enabling facilities: Customs and immigration complexes at Bogibeel and Dhubri made the shipment possible.
Protocol history: India and Bangladesh signed a river trade protocol in 1972.
Waterway cargo growth: Cargo on national waterways rose from 18 million tonnes in 2013-14 to 218 million tonnes in 2025-26.

Don’t confuse with NW-1 vs NW-2 vs NW-3: NW-1 is the Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly system (Haldia to Prayagraj). NW-2 is the Brahmaputra (Sadiya to Dhubri). NW-3 is the West Coast Canal in Kerala (Kottapuram to Kollam).

Don’t confuse with IWAI vs DGLL: IWAI surveys and maintains aids on National Waterways. The Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships manages general aids to navigation along the coast.

Don’t confuse with NW-1 vs NW-2: NW-1 is the Ganga (Prayagraj to Haldia). NW-2 is the Brahmaputra (Sadiya to Dhubri).

Places in the news: 26 Prelims questions since 2013, rising (12% of news questions in 2022–26); they test location and why it matters.

No practice question for this one; the card may still help an answer. Why: Backgrounder with lasting facts on National Waterways, riverine lighthouses and cargo growth. Prelims asks about places and schemes, but no fresh debate or count supports a question here.

Source: PIB Backgrounder, 16 Oct, 12:07 IST · Release 2324232

Issue page →

Worth revising until Prelims 2028: most news questions come within two years of the event.

Science and technology

Martian Analogue Sites

GS3 Science and TechnologyPrelims and Mains

Why in news: On 16 October 2026, the Ministry of Science & Technology reported that University of Kerala scientists identified two sulphate minerals in Tamil Nadu and Chile's Atacama Desert. These help establish the sites as Martian analogues.
What it is: A Martian analogue site is a place on Earth whose geology, chemistry or physical conditions resemble those of Mars. Scientists study such sites to interpret Martian minerals, past water activity and possible habitability. Orbital data alone cannot fully characterise Martian minerals, so ground-based work on analogues is needed.

Minerals found: Melanterite was identified at Neyveli, and gypsum at the Tiruchirappalli Badlands and the Atacama Desert. Both are hydrous sulphates that record water-rock interactions.
What each mineral shows: Gypsum preserves evidence of past aqueous environments, while melanterite indicates short-lived wet, acidic and oxidizing conditions.
Instrument used: A laser Raman spectrometer detected the spectral fingerprints of the minerals. It is supported by DST-FIST at the Department of Geology, University of Kerala.
Biosignature link: Gypsum can preserve biosignatures within its mineral matrix, which makes it useful for astrobiology.
Publication: The findings appeared as two papers in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets.
DST-FIST: Fund for Improvement of S&T Infrastructure (FIST) is a Department of Science and Technology programme that supports research infrastructure in universities and institutions.

Don’t confuse with Analogue site vs. mission: An analogue site is a place on Earth used to study Mars-like conditions. A mission sends a spacecraft to Mars itself.

Don’t confuse with Melanterite vs. gypsum: Melanterite is an iron sulphate that forms by sulphide oxidation. Gypsum is a calcium sulphate that records past water activity.

Science and technology: 57 Prelims questions since 2013; most test the concept behind the news, not the news itself. In Mains, 12 news-triggered questions.

No practice question for this one; the card may still help an answer. Why: Concept of analogue sites and minerals is syllabus-relevant. Science and tech makes up 17% of news-linked Prelims questions, but this research finding is a niche one.

Source: PIB, Ministry of Science & Technology, 16 Oct, 15:39 IST · Release 2324335

Issue page →

Worth revising until Prelims 2028: most news questions come within two years of the event.

Report or index

PAIMANA Infrastructure Performance Dashboard

GS3 InfrastructurePrelims and Mains

Why in news: On 16 October 2026, MoSPI released the quarterly update of the PAIMANA Performance Dashboard, which now tracks 184 indicators after 21 were added.
What it is: PAIMANA (Project Assessment, Infrastructure Monitoring & Analytics for Nation-building) is a MoSPI digital dashboard. It tracks the performance of key infrastructure sub-sectors through standardised indicators on one public platform. It is meant to support evidence-based policymaking.

Publisher: The dashboard is run by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), with data drawn from the line Ministries and Departments.
Launch date: The dashboard was launched on 16 April 2026.
Framework: Indicators follow five dimensions: Access, Quality, Fiscal Cost & Revenue, Utilization, and Affordability.

Don’t confuse with PAIMANA vs PM Gati Shakti: PAIMANA is a MoSPI dashboard that monitors infrastructure performance indicators. PM Gati Shakti is a national master plan platform for planning and coordinating infrastructure projects.

Reports and indices: 14 Prelims questions since 2013; they test who publishes a report and what it measures.

No practice question for this one; the card may still help an answer. Why: New MoSPI dashboard on infrastructure, 184 indicators. Reports and indices are 4% of news-linked Prelims questions; this is routine data, so no question.

Source: PIB, Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation, 16 Oct, 16:00 IST · Release 2324355

Issue page →

Worth revising until Prelims 2028: most news questions come within two years of the event.

Scheme

Scheme of Assistance to National Sports Federations

GS2 Welfare schemesPrelims and Mains

Why in news: On 16 October 2026, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports issued operational guidelines for the revised Scheme of Assistance to National Sports Federations, continued for 2026-27 to 2030-31 with an outlay of ₹7,386.74 crore.
What it is: The Scheme of Assistance to National Sports Federations is run by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. It funds federations to prepare athletes for the Olympics, Asian Games, Commonwealth Games, Paralympics and World Championships. It covers coaching camps, athlete support, foreign exposure, national championships and federation governance.

Period and outlay: The scheme continues for 2026-27 to 2030-31, the 16th Finance Commission cycle, with a total outlay of ₹7,386.74 crore.
Olympic Training Centres: Single-sport centres with modern sports science facilities are planned, to reduce reliance on overseas training.
National Games support: Assistance of up to Rs 50 crore is provided for conducting National Games, covering equipment, Timing, Scoring and Result services, technical officials' remuneration and technical conduct.
Indigenous sports outreach: Support to NSFs of indigenous games to seek demonstration-event status in global competitions and set up federations abroad.
Multilateral and Global South cooperation: Funding is provided for sports events and meetings organised for bodies such as BRICS and BIMSTEC.

Don’t confuse with NSF scheme vs Khelo India: The NSF scheme funds federations for elite preparation and events. Khelo India is a separate scheme for grassroots talent and sports infrastructure.

Schemes: 52 Prelims questions since 2013, 10 in Prelims 2026 alone. They test features, the period and who funds it. In Mains, 33 news-triggered questions, mostly GS3.

No practice question for this one; the card may still help an answer. Why: Scheme continued for 2026-27 to 2030-31 with Rs 7,386.74 crore outlay. Schemes are 16% of Prelims, but sports schemes are rarely asked.

Source: PIB, Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, 16 Oct, 16:50 IST · Release 2324383

Issue page →

Worth revising until Prelims 2028: most news questions come within two years of the event.

Environment

Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)

GS3 Environment / PollutionGS2 Statutory bodiesPrelims and Mains

Why in news: On 16 October 2026, CAQM extended the requirement for PTZ cameras with live video feeds to all industries covered under Statutory Direction No. 98 in NCR. The new Order supersedes its Order of 5 October 2026.
What it is: CAQM is the statutory body for air quality management in the NCR and adjoining areas, set up under a 2021 law. It replaced the EPCA and can issue binding directions. GRAP is the Graded Response Action Plan, a set of stage-wise emergency measures that CAQM's Sub-Committee triggers as air quality worsens.

Trigger: The Sub-Committee on GRAP reviewed air quality and IMD/IITM forecasts on 6 November 2026 before invoking Stage-III.
AQI data source: The daily AQI bulletin of the CPCB put Delhi at 382, in the 'Very Poor' category.
Cumulative stages: Stage-III actions apply in addition to Stage-I and Stage-II actions already in force.
Implementing agencies: Pollution Control Boards of NCR States and the DPCC must ensure strict implementation of all three stages.
Legal basis: CAQM was set up under the Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas Act, 2021, and replaced the EPCA.
PAVAN full form: PAVAN stands for Platform for Air quality Vigilance and Analytics for NCR. It is the name of CAQM's Integrated Command and Control Centre (I3C).
Data integrated: The platform uses over 30 APIs and data streams, including air quality, emissions, weather, satellite, camera, mobility, complaint and compliance data.
Working principle: The centre works on 'Detect, Analyse, Act'. Deviations from norms or Statutory Directions trigger alerts and escalation to the concerned agency.
States covered: The State Action Plan module covers Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.
Industries covered: The order covers all 17 highly polluting categories identified by CPCB, Red Category medium and large air-polluting industries, food and textile units with boilers or thermic fluid heaters, and metal units with furnaces.
Camera placement: Cameras must cover fuel-feeding points, gas meters, stack emissions and OCEMS sampling ports, and fume extraction areas where applicable.
Live feed: Video must stream continuously in real time using RTSP to the servers or portals of CPCB, the SPCBs and DPCC.
Enforcement: The State Governments of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan and the GNCTD, with CPCB and the SPCBs/DPCC, must ensure implementation.
State split: Punjab has 18 districts and Haryana has 16 districts covered.
Reporting: Squads report the ground situation and steps taken to the CAQM Cell daily. The cell is at SAS Nagar.
Predecessor: CAQM replaced the Supreme Court-appointed Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority (EPCA) for the NCR.
Revised GRAP size: The revised GRAP has 48 actions: 25 in Stage-I, 8 in Stage-II, 10 in Stage-III and 5 in Stage-IV.
Shift of actions to Stage-I: Actions on DG sets and entry of BS-IV and below buses moved from Stage-II to Stage-I.
Sonipat added: Restrictions on older LMVs (BS-III petrol, BS-IV diesel) now extend to Sonipat, along with the existing HVD districts.
C&D portal monitoring: The web-portal monitoring of dust control at C&D sites extends to eligible projects beyond municipal limits; the 500 sq m plot threshold is unchanged.
Technical Members: The ACC approved two full-time Technical Members for three years or until age 70, whichever is earlier.
Direction: Statutory Direction No. 98 sets a uniform PM emission limit of 50 mg/Nm³ for identified industries in Delhi-NCR.
Basis: The standard rests on CPCB recommendations, IIT Kanpur studies and a CPCB Technical Committee.
Timelines: Large and medium industries must comply from 1 August 2026; the remaining industries from 1 October 2026.
Who implements: NCR State Governments, the Delhi Government, the Pollution Control Boards of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan, and the Delhi Pollution Control Committee must implement it.
Main pollutant: PM2.5 is the dominant pollutant affecting Delhi's AQI. Both local emissions and transboundary movement across the airshed matter.
Direction on stubble: Direction No. 96 of 13.02.2026 mandates time-bound implementation of State Action Plans to end wheat stubble burning in 2026.
States addressed: The Direction is addressed to Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Delhi (GNCTD) and Rajasthan are only advised to make efforts.
Fire count, April-May 2025: Fire events recorded in the wheat season were 10207 in Punjab, 1832 in Haryana and 259 in the NCR districts of Uttar Pradesh. The standard protocol was developed by ISRO/IARI.
Parali Protection Force: States must set up a dedicated Parali Protection Force at district or block level to monitor and guard against open burning.
Support for small farmers: CRM machines must be available rent-free to small and marginal farmers through Custom Hiring Centres (CHCs).
Who invoked Stage-IV: The Sub-Committee on GRAP of CAQM took the decision at an urgent evening meeting.
Stage-IV trigger: Stage-IV is the 'Severe+' category, with Delhi's AQI above 450. It was invoked proactively, before that level was reached, and applies on top of Stages I-III.
Stage-III band: Stage-III of GRAP is for 'Severe' air quality (AQI 401-450). It was invoked early, as a proactive measure, while the AQI was still 'Very Poor'.
Legal basis of CAQM: CAQM is a statutory body created under the Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas Act, 2021, replacing EPCA.

Don’t confuse with CAQM vs EPCA: EPCA was the earlier body set up under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 on Supreme Court direction. CAQM is a statutory commission under its own 2021 Act and replaced EPCA.

Don’t confuse with CAQM vs CPCB: CPCB publishes the AQI bulletin and monitors air quality nationally. CAQM issues binding directions for the NCR and adjoining areas.

Don’t confuse with CPCB vs SPCB/DPCC: CPCB is the central pollution control body. SPCBs and DPCC are state and Delhi bodies that monitor compliance locally.

Don’t confuse with CAAQMS vs manual stations: CAAQMS are continuous ambient air quality monitoring stations giving real-time data. Manual stations sample periodically.

Don’t confuse with In-situ vs ex-situ management: In-situ management treats residue in the field itself. Ex-situ management removes the straw for other uses such as fodder or fuel.

Don’t confuse with GRAP Stage-III vs Stage-IV: Stage-III applies to 'Severe' (AQI 401-450). Stage-IV is for 'Severe+' (AQI above 450).

Environment: Prelims tests bodies, programmes and the law behind them; Mains asks why plans fall short.

Why it matters

A statutory body with binding powers gives a single authority across Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, which have separate governments.
A single data platform can cut delays in spotting and acting on pollution sources.
It supports regional coordination across States, since air pollution crosses State borders.
Live video lets regulators check fuel use and emissions remotely, which reduces reliance on periodic inspections.
It targets industrial pollution, a major NCR source in winter when pollutants disperse poorly.
A dedicated NCR-level body can direct neighbouring States, which tackles air pollution that crosses State borders.
Daily field reporting allows quick follow-up on fires in the harvest season.
A single statutory body can give binding, region-wide directions across Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and UP, overcoming fragmented state action.
Stage-wise GRAP allows pre-emptive, graded action rather than emergency steps after air quality turns severe.
A uniform stack limit removes uneven norms across NCR states and targets a major source of PM and secondary particulates.
Source apportionment gives a scientific basis for targeted action on transport, dust, industry and biomass burning.
More monitoring stations improve regional data for an airshed-wide approach beyond Delhi.
A binding direction gives CAQM enforceable control over State action on a cross-border pollution source.
Extending action to the wheat season addresses a gap beyond paddy-season measures.
Shows CAQM acting as a single regional authority with power to bind NCR States and agencies.
Staged, pre-agreed GRAP curbs allow quick, predictable emergency response.
Pre-emptive action on forecasts can limit the worst pollution days in the NCR.
A single commission acting across Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and UP reduces fragmented, state-wise responses.

Problems

GRAP is reactive: it acts after air quality has already worsened rather than preventing the pollution.
Enforcement depends on State agencies and on citizen compliance.
Alerts help only if State agencies and SPCBs act on them; enforcement capacity varies.
Stubble burning and weather-driven pollution have farm-economy and seasonal causes that data alone cannot fix.
Industries must install cameras and ensure power backup and connectivity within a short deadline.
Regulators need servers and staff to review large volumes of live video, and states must enforce consistently.
Farmers have a short window between paddy harvest and wheat sowing and face costs of alternatives.
Enforcement depends on State agencies, and the issue is politically sensitive.
Enforcement depends on State agencies; Haryana's plantation achievement (60 lakh of 1.2 crore target) shows uneven delivery.
Curbs on vehicles and construction impose economic costs on small traders and workers, and compliance is hard to monitor.
Monitoring thousands of stacks needs capacity in State pollution boards, and smaller units may struggle with the cost of control equipment.
Transboundary pollution and secondary particulates need coordination across several States with different capacities.
Enforcement of directions on stubble, dust and industry depends on weak local agencies, and compliance is uneven.
Enforcement depends on State machinery, and punitive measures may hurt small farmers.
Straw storage and a year-round supply chain for ex-situ use need investment.
Curbs are reactive and often invoked only after AQI is already severe.
Enforcement depends on several State governments and agencies, and curbs on construction and transport hurt livelihoods.
Many measures depend on state governments and pollution boards for enforcement, and compliance varies.
GRAP curbs fall hardest on daily-wage construction workers and small businesses, and it treats symptoms rather than root sources.

Way forward

Move towards preventive, year-round action on sources such as vehicles, dust, industry and biomass burning.
Use forecasts to trigger measures earlier and strengthen coordination among NCR States.
Tie alerts to time-bound action and public reporting of follow-up.
Pair monitoring with support for farmers on crop residue management and cleaner fuel and transport.
Link camera feeds with OCEMS data and use automated alerts for violations.
Impose penalties for non-compliance and publish compliance reports.
Ensure affordable access to crop residue machinery and in-situ and ex-situ management of residue.
Combine monitoring with incentives and crop diversification away from water-intensive paddy.
Strengthen monitoring through web portals, the Enforcement Task Force and real-time data, with action against non-compliance.
Address the root causes: clean transport, cleaner fuels, and alternatives to stubble burning, with coordination among states.
Use continuous emission monitoring with public data, and give small units technical and financial support to comply.
Use the apportionment findings to set season-specific, sector-wise targets with regular public reporting.
Back farmers with crop residue machinery and alternatives, and strengthen State and municipal enforcement capacity.
Pair monitoring and environmental compensation with free machinery access and viable markets for straw.
Use satellite data and monthly progress reports to hold States accountable.
Act earlier on forecasts and cut year-round sources such as vehicles, dust and industry.
Strengthen coordination and monitoring among NCR States, with support for affected workers.
Shift to year-round source control: cleaner transport, industry and power, and dust management.
Coordinate regional action on stubble burning and provide livelihood support when curbs apply.

Put in your answer

CAQM Act, 2021: A statutory commission replaced the EPCA, giving the NCR air quality regime legal backing and binding directions.

PAVAN-I3C data sources: The centre draws on 111 CAAQMS in Delhi-NCR, over 2,300 industries and over 3,200 construction sites, which shows the scale of integration.

Shift in compliance: CAQM moves from manual, agency-reported monitoring to digital, data-driven compliance management.

CAQM Flying Squads: Inspections by CAQM Flying Squads found use of unapproved fuels in NCR industries, showing the need for stronger surveillance.

Secondary particulate matter: Industrial emissions add to secondary particulate matter besides raising direct PM levels, and the effect is prominent in winter.

CAQM Act 2021: The 2021 Act created a statutory commission with powers to issue directions to curb air pollution in the NCR region.

Enforcement Task Force data: As on 17.09.2026, 1,831 violating units were issued closure orders, 1,479 of which got resumption orders after compliance.

Industrial stacks: Industrial stack emissions are a significant source of elevated PM in Delhi-NCR and cause secondary particulate formation.

Winter PM2.5 sources (Delhi): Expert report: secondary particulates 27%, transport 23%, biomass burning 20%, dust 15%, industry 9%.

Wheat-season fire data: Satellite monitoring of April-May 2025 recorded 10207 fires in Punjab, 1832 in Haryana and 259 in NCR districts of UP. This shows stubble burning is not only a paddy-season problem.

Farm-level mapping and nodal officers: The Direction requires mapping each farm's residue management mode and tagging at most 100 farmers to each nodal officer. This is an example of last-mile monitoring.

Stage-IV measures: Example of emergency curbs: BS-IV truck entry stopped, C&D bans extended to linear public projects, hybrid classes for schools.

GRAP Stage-III invoked, Jan 2026: CAQM acted on forecasts of a 'Severe' AQI, showing a shift toward pre-emptive, forecast-based action.

Test yourself

True or false?

1 of 11

Statements the way Prelims prints them. Say first, then see the fact.

1.The revised GRAP schedule contains a total of 48 actions across its four stages.
2.Under the revision, actions on DG sets and entry of BS-IV and below buses were moved from Stage-III to Stage-II.
3.Restrictions on older four-wheeler LMVs now cover Sonipat in addition to Gurugram, Faridabad, Ghaziabad and Gautam Budh Nagar.
4.The amendment to Direction Nos. 11-18 lowers the plot-area threshold for C&D site registration below 500 square metres.
5.The Technical Members of CAQM were appointed with the approval of the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet.
6.CAQM was established under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 as an authority under Section 3 of that Act, replacing the Central Pollution Control Board.
7.The revision removed the exemption for BS-IV and below goods vehicles carrying essential commodities in Stages III and IV.
8.The expert report considered by CAQM was prepared pursuant to directions of the Supreme Court.
9.According to the report, in winter the largest single contributor to PM2.5 in Delhi is transport.
10.Of the new stations, Uttar Pradesh is to get the most, followed by Haryana and Delhi.
11.CAQM was established under the Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas Act, 2021, replacing the EPCA.

Written by us from the release, not by UPSC; checked by a second model.

Source: PIB, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, 16 Oct, 20:31 IST · Release 2324557

Issue page →

Worth revising until Prelims 2028: most news questions come within two years of the event.

Quick facts

BHASHINI and IISc Bengaluru developed text-to-speech models for Sourashtra, a minority Indo-Aryan language of Tamil Nadu, using the VITS architecture.
TDB-DST signed an agreement with QNu Labs for Rs 150 crore support under the RDI Fund for indigenous quantum-secure and sensing networks.
INS Samarthak, the Navy's first indigenous multi-purpose vessel, was commissioned at Karwar; built by L&T, the first major warship from an Indian private shipyard.

Source: PIB, 16 Oct

What we left out: 42 of 50 releases

Speeches without a decision (7)
Ceremonies and campaigns (13)
Routine export consignments (1)
Routine exchange visits (1)
Same issue as another release (3)
Beneficiary stories (3)
Routine data reports (2)
Event scheduling (1)
Same issue as filed (3)
Research findings without a decision (1)
Routine bilateral meetings (1)
Routine legal updates (1)
Routine NHRC cognizance (3)
Exam notices (1)
Conferences without a decision (1)

Practise the day’s news

In UPSC’s formats, inside each issue. The answer and why come after you choose.

1Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)MCQ · 11 true or false · Mains

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