Genetic editing has several applications with its potential to edit the genomes of both somatic and germ cells. This allows for the ability to not only cure genetic diseases but to edit the characteristics of future offspring. The last few years have seen the development of several efficient, more precise genetic engineering techniques. However, with growing sophistication, various issues of bioethics have also come to the forefront. (a) Discuss the ethical considerations associated with genome editing. (b) In the light of these ethical issues, provide an ethical framework on how this technology can be used for the betterment of humanity.

(i) Reinforcing stereotypes → standards of beauty, skin colour are reinforced by misuse of gene editing. This furthers discrimination against those who are different from others.

(ii) Violation of rights of the foetus changing characteristics without any consent

(iii) Side effects - gene editing may result in disorientations - physically and mentally - in new borns, who would take the moral responsibility of such children

(iv) Misuse for pre-natal sex determination and discriminate against girl child.

(v) Violation with natural selections

(vi) Divide between rich and poor. Rich would be able to afford the technology and rich children would be stereotypically desirable. Thus poor will be subject to new inequalities.

(vii) Blanket ban will lead to limitations in healthcare and treating incurable diseases.

(b) A tentative ethical framework to address the concerns

(i) Consult various stakeholders like scientists, civil society, law ministry and formulate the code of ethics and code of conduct

(ii) ICMR guidelines on genetic research should be strictly enforced

(iii) Suo-motu declaration by doctors and parents using the technology to not misuse it for baby designing.

(iv) Mandatory registration of each genetic editing procedure

(v) New technologies be commercialised only after due deliberations

• dedicated Appraisal body under 'Ministry of Health' and 'Science and Technology'

(vi) Involving doctor and scientist community and sensitisation programme

(viii) Case by case supervision by committee of Bio-ethics to be constituted in each centre of utility for gene editing

(ix) Accountability mechanisms like • Integrity pacts • neutral expert to supervise and conduct surprise checks

(x) Awareness amongst the people and information about side effects

(xi) Countering the existing standards of beauty and health and promote a plural and inclusive outlook