Genetic editing has several applications with its potential to edit the genomes of both somatic and germ cells. This allows for the ability to not only cure genetic diseases but to edit the characteristics of future offspring. The last few years have seen the development of several efficient, more precise genetic engineering techniques. However, with growing sophistication, various issues of bioethics have also have come to the forefront. (a) Discuss the ethical considerations associated with genome editing. (b) In the light of these ethical issues, provide an ethical framework on how this technology can be used for the betterment of humanity.

(a) With rise of such technology, several ethical questions arise:-

1. Changing the life itself with gene editing, we can now change the organisms. For million of years, we do not had any capability to change the living creatures. with gene editing, now the germ cells can be engineered leading to change in genes and DNA. This would lead to different offsprings and the change would be carried on to next generations.

(2) Transgenic animals with gene editing now it is possible to mix the genes of two or more animals & create hybrid animal. Past experience has shown how an ear was grown on back of a mouse by inserting ear specific gene into mouse's gene. This creates ethical dilemma as now humans can become creator and designer of life on earth which goes against traditional acceptance of GOD as creator & destroyer of life.

(3) Misuse → Gene editing can also be misused. Concept of Designer babies → controlling the characteristics of future offspring. Eg → Report from china → that they have created 1st designer baby. This possibility of misuse is higher.

• Country in future may design their citizens for specific role like scientists, soldiers etc.
• During world war II, Hitler had a team which worked to purify the Aryan race and make best possible human being. ⇒ Result was disastrous.

(b) Gene editing is a novel technology which is here to stay. It's uses are:- (1) Treating diseases like cancer & genetic diseases ↓ by editing the somatic cells (The changes would be limited to that specific individual)

(2) Small changes in genes to produce genetically modified crops → which is resilient as well as with high productivity. Eg → Bt cotton

(3) Know the causes of diseases, how they are transferred & inherited etc. It would improve drug delivery & response.

Ethical framework:- (1) creating a policy and legal basis at national level to effectively regulate gene editing. (2) Allowing gene editing in certain areas like for somatic cell, treatment of diseases etc. (3) Changing medical ethics and courses to sensitise doctors about the ethical questions regarding it. (4) Accreditation of hospitals & medical colleges where it can be allowed. (5) Maintaining central repository with regards to all gene editing and effective data sharing.