What ethical dilemmas arise from the use of economic sanctions in international relations, and how can policymakers balance these concerns with the need to punish illegal behaviours and compel political change?

Ethical Dilemmas arising out of Sanctions Regimes:

(1) Punishing Illegal behavior vs. pushing political Agenda. → USA's desire to emerge as Global leader, Export Arms & Ammunition, etc. → Hegemonic display of power but sanctions have been reducing in relevance.

(2) Inflation/loss of welfare vs. Righteousness → Sanctions have led to crude, fertilizer, food inflation which hurts the poor nations more..

(3) Just war Thesis vs. Intl. Order → Russia claims its own reasons for attacks & defends its decisions (& so for Ukraine) → USA also defends its sanctions.

Balancing the concerns:

(1) Reviving multilateral discussions forums like UN to arrive at mutually acceptable solutions.

(2) Responsibility upon sanction imposing nation to smoothen supply chains (while USA has imposed sanctions on Russian crude, it itself has cut down upon American shale supply) :(

(3) Confidence building measures to de-escalate, stop war & move towards achieving shared prosperity

(4) values like |Vasudhaiva kutumbakam|