Elaborate the disaster vulnerability of Indian coastal cities with examples. Examine the relevance of Sendai Framework in disaster management of coastal regions.

(1) Coastal erosion - is one such challenge because of rise in sea level eg:- Mumbai (2) Climate change has led to increase in marine temperature - making cyclones a frequent incident eg:- cities of Odisha, West Bengal (3) Inundation of salt water into inland water bodies making it saline eg! - Backwaters in Kerala (4) The coastal areas also face a challenge of invasive alien species as they migrate from far off coast to Indian coast eg! - Zebra Mussels. (5) The coast is also vulnerable to incidents like Tsunami (6) Frequent floodings have become a major challenge because of climate change eg! - Kerala floods (2018) (7) This leads to catastrophic incidents like landslides eg! - Recent landslide in Kerala (2024)

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction

India is a signatory of Sendai framework whose aim is to decrease the vulnerabilities of disaster by:- (1) Proper mapping of coastal areas so as to have a clear picture of vulnerable cities. (2) Early warning system - to minimise the loss of life because of these disaster. (3) Mitigation efforts - In case of disaster proper mitigation & rehabilitation efforts must be carried out. (4) Disaster resilient infrastructure:- To avoid economic damage (5) Proper assessment of the areas to avoid anthropogenic pressure that can further amplify the threat