Discuss the geostrategic significance of Afghanistan for India in the context of continental connectivity and access to Central Asia. How has the altered political landscape post-2021 affected India's connectivity and energy corridor ambitions?

Geostrategy significance

1. Counter magnet against Pakistan (e.g. strategic depth theory)
2. Connectivity to Central Asia (e.g. oil import)
3. Infrastructural investment (e.g. INSTC goes via Afghanistan)
4. 'Cultural capital' among India - Afghan people is high.
5. Chinese involvement can risk Indian interest leading to (Afghanistan + Pakistan) = playground of terror.
6. Connection to 'Arc of energy' (Rajiv Sikri)
7. Posturing as Asian power requires involvement in Afghanistan.

Impact on Indian ambitions

Connectivity

1. Newer impetus on IMEC instead
2. Re-engagement with Taliban to safeguard earlier investments
3. Dehyphenation policy to ensure economic interests safeguarded
4. Trade tussle - stoppage of trade via Afghanistan route.

Energy corridors

1. Shift towards land sea-based energy trade
2. Inward looking RE focus (e.g. GBA, ISA)
3. Shift to Russian and American oil instead of Iran and Gulf states.
4. Longer trade times