To what extent did the role of the Moderates prepare a base for the wider freedom movement ? Comment.

Success of moderate leaders in bringing gradual change

1. provided economic critique of Britishers ↳ drain theory
2. demanded higher representation of Indians in legislative councils ↳ No taxation without representation ⇒ Indian Council Act 1892
3. protested for administrative reforms in civil service
4. Indian member in Viceroy's executive council ↳ Satyendranath Sinha
5. led the Swadeshi and Boycott movement following partition of Bengal in 1905

Yet, the moderates 3P's approach of Protest, Prayer and Propaganda was ineffective at large.

Failures of moderates :

1. failed to involve masses as they lacked belief in capacity of masses.

2. easily pacified by British by minimal increments ↳ Act GoI 1909, GoI 1919

3. inability to understand extremists led to Surat split (1907)

Thus, moderates provided the initial spark to the national freedom movement but were unable to sustain it and bring significant political change.

Q1. Buddhism and Jainism are hetero-doxy philosophies which emerged as alternatives to Brahminical supremacy during age of Mahajanapadas.

Core tenets of Buddhism → Eightfold path by which enlightenment can be realised → Four noble truths of Buddha (Life is suffering).

Core tenets of Jainism → five vows

1. non violence
2. satya / truth
3. not stealing
4. non possessiveness
5. chastity → trivratna - right → faith → knowledge → conduct

Influence of Buddhism on Indian architecture.

1. Chaityas and viharas ↳ worship place of Buddhist monks ↳ residence for monks. ↳ Karala, Junnar caves.
2. Ajanta caves - Bodhisatra padmapani

Influence of Jainism on architecture

1. Statue of Gomateshwara EKN
2. Mt. Abu temple
3. temple at Parshnath hills (JH) → use of white marble