‘In the context of neo-liberal paradigm of development planning, multi-level planning is expected to make operations cost-effective and remove many implementation blockages.’ — Discuss.

Role of panchayats and ULB's :-

(1) State governments determines the functions and powers of the panchayats and ULB's with the devolution of finances through state finance commission.

(2) They play as the last and decentralized institutions in performing the roles in:

i) Infrastructure: construction of roads, buildings, necessary in that area.

ii) Water and sanitation: they have the prime role in clean water and sanitation. iii) Health: Primary health centres and community health centres work under their jurisdiction. iv) Education: Rural primary schools and Anganwadi centres. v) Welfare schemes: Determining the beneficiaries and the progress. vi) Implementation of National programmes like NVDPP, National Rural mission etc. vii) In Decision making and administration: eg through District Development committees.

(3) They form the foundation of the democracy by electing members to the panchayats & municipalities; form of direct democracy.

Issues related :- (1) Improper resources and finances. (2) politicisation of panchayats & ULBs. (3) delay in implementing policies. (4) Non transparency and Accountability

Way forward :- (1) Further strengthening of institutions (2) Greater powers through state legislatures. (3) Implementation of citizen's charter for greater accountability (4) RTI act 2005.