Government accountability for the consequences of state-imposed displacement has been virtually absent. Discuss social and cultural implications of displacement for the displaced communities in India?

(1) the community which has been displaced is generally marginalised and have not developed into effective pressure groups .

(2) Marxist: Randheer singh: Displacement is a nexus between capitalist class and government to exploit forest wealth.

(3) Lack of political mobilisation of the displaced. (4) Developmental Nationalism often hide the miseries of aggreved people. (5) state engaging in hyper modernity where actions justified only on rational and mechanistic basis - TN Madan.

Social Implications

(1) Vandana Shiva : Forest is to women what land is to men in feudal society. Displacement from forest make women dependent on men. (2) Familial ties are broken as tribes are generally close knit society. (3) Demographic change takes place eg: In Ranchi: 1972: 61% tribals 2001: 28% only.

(4) may give rise to ethnic conflicts eg: conflict between Bodo people and other tribes

(5) LP Vidyarthi: Displacement increases contact with caste societies thus they take up caste based occupation eg: Gaddi Lohars

(6) Surendra Jodhka: results in migration: Not aware of new technology they fell prey to accidents eg: migrant labour in green revolution belt

Cultural Implications

(1) Acculturation of the tribes happen : assimilation to the main society

(2) loss of religious beliefs and practices : eg: declining naturism religion of tribes

(3) Ineffective socialisation & cultural transfer to new generations (4) Declining cultural practices eg: patrilineal tendenceis developing among Garo, khasi's (5) Hypermodernism destroys their culture and they become extinct