Vishal MishraAIR 49 · CSE 2017 · 212 wordsTheir whole copy
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In case of India, there is land tenure system since ancient times. In Gupta and Maurya period land was categorised into 4 - Vastu, Khula(open), Kshetra(field), Gochar(Pastoral).
In Medieval Mughal times, sultanate followed Lakhiraj system where land was donated for religious purpose. Apart from this, there was tax collection officer, governors. Later during Mughal period, Lakhiraj was continued. However
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- Khudakhasht System - farmer are subjected to high tax as they live close to field and use good fertile land.
- Paikari System - low tax where farmer clear a patch of forest land / other land of low fertility. It has low taxation.
Later Britishers introduced Permanent settlement, Ryotwari System, Mahalwari. All three were equally exploitative.
Impact on Agrarian Structure
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Before British, Land tenure System was not exploitative and land has dual ownership - one with King and other with community.
After British introduced their system land was commodified. When peasant failed to pay tax, their land was snatched. It increased landless labourers, transfer of land to non cultivators. It also created various classes - tax collectors, intermediaries. It gave rise to strengthening of feudal Capitalist System.
After Independence, land reforms, land ceiling were introduced. Zamindari System was abolished. Still Tenancy reforms are pending. Land reforms were limited success in India.