Srushti Jayant DeshmukhAIR 5 · CSE 2018 · 273 wordsTheir whole copy
Opening
The change in mode of production in agriculture as well as forces of Modernisation and Globalisation are impacting the customary agrarian relations.
Body · points
• The breakdown of Jajmani system with coming of market economy led to disruption in traditional exchanges. • Jan Breman sees that this has moved Patronage to Exploitation. Rich landlords now hire migrant labour, extract maximum work and pay very low wages. • The Pauperisation of Tenants due to their forceful eviction has led to concealed tenancy.
• Due to land reforms, many families divided lands among brothers to escape ceiling laws. According to Lakshminarayan, this has led to real divisions in traditional joint families.
• SS Nehru remarks that Indebtness is sprawling and mostly lower caste households are indebted and pushing farmer suicides.
• According to SS Jodhka, these farmers take loans to take agri (peasants) inputs and fall in debt trap pushing entire family into debt bondage of rich moneylenders/ landowners.
• Due to coming of modern banking system and state welfare policies some positive changes are also seen -
Close · a summary
(.) Due to Rural banks, Cooperative societies, access to credit is penetrating reducing dependence on informal sources & exploitation to 40% from 90% at independence.
(.) Migration opportunities to urban areas in Industries has provided freedom to lower castes to explore employment and get skilled.
(.) But due to male migration, 60% of agri labourers today are women and feminisation of poverty is seen.
(.) Contract farming with MNCs & Global value chains opens up forward linkages for selling in market.
Dynamism in agrarian relations has been apparent and its impact has been felt differentially across caste and class.