Robert K. Merton's significant contribution to functionalism lies in his clarification and codification of functional analysis. Discuss.

Robert K. Merton was a sociological thinker who challenged conservative functionalism and proposed new conceptions to widen the scope of functionalist approach.

Conservative functionalism can be observed in the works of Malinowski and A.R Radcliffe Brown

Postulates of functionalism

1. Postulate of functional unity
2. Postulate of universal functionalism
3. Postulate of functional indispensability

Robert Merton challenged these postulates and clarified the way functional analysis can be expanded

(1) Postulate of functional unity

• All parts of a system are perfectly cohesive and no scope for conflict
• Merton criticized this and observed this can be true for simple societies but modern, complex societies differ
• eg: Religion can bring about solidarity in a homogenous group but in plural societies can be source of conflict

(2) Postulate of universal functionalism

• All parts serve a positive function
• Merton criticized this and explained that analysis should include whether a particular aspect is
  • positive functional
  • dysfunctional
  • non-functional.
• He further gave the concepts of Manifest and Latent functions

to undertake a holistic analysis. Manifest functions - observable and intended Latent functions - nonobservable and unintended consequences eg: Capitalist system - manifest functions - production of commodities latent - class inequalities.

(3) Postulate of functional indispensability

• All aspects of system are important and indispensable.
• Merton proposed alternative functions and functional substitution to be included in analysis. Eg: Communist systems substitute for religion