A multi-sectoral and multi-tiered process, Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is beset with a plethora of constraints. Identifying these constrains, recommend measures for building a robust DRR strategy.

sectoral:

• industries
• agriculture
• rural
• urban
• economy
• political
• strategic
• Disab-led
• Multi-tier:
  • Nation -> State -> District -> local level
  • local level branched into: Panchayat, Municipalities
• fig: Multitier

Constraints in DRR ->

1. No intersectoral approach :- Focus is siloed to specific sectors eg seperate rural & urban approach

2. Lack of coordination :- Between various ministries eg Disaster management & environment ministry.

3. lack of international cooperation :- eg floods in Bihar due to water release in Nepal.

4. Top down model :- less focus on local areas & local approaches eg as seen during COVID.

5. Archaic laws & policies :- eg Disaster management act 2005, epidemic disease act.

6. Poor data collection :- About local level disasters.

7. focus more on mitigation :- less on adaptation to inevitable disasters.

8. Lack of fund, technology, skill etc.

Measures to build robust DRR strategy :-

1. Cooperation :- B/w various sectors, international cooperation.

2. Bottom up approach : - Lead role of municipalities & panchayats.

3. Use of technology : - Space technology (NAVIC), Big data, AI, Machine learning etc. eg : i flows for floods

4. Comprehensive approach : - Focus on political, social, strategic, environmental & other implications eg : fukushima disaster of Japan

5. Inclusive strategy :- Involvement of women, differently abled eg Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan.

6. People participation :- During policy formulation, implementation, monitoring eg. Integration in Gram sabha development plan.