In light of evolving national security threats, how do the New Criminal Laws address modern threats like cybercrime and organized crime? Outline the challenges perceived in its effective implementation.

Role of new criminal laws: Bharatiya Nyay Samhita adopts a futuristic and proactive perspective to deal with organised crime & cyber crime.

(1) Definition of organised crime to include broad spectrum of activities

• kidnapping, extortion, sex-tortion, drug peddling et (Sec 111)

(2) Section 111 → also include cyber crime ↳ pornography, sexual harassment, financial frauds ↳ Digital arrest scam

(3) Stringent Penalties ↳ In case of death 10 yrs + 10 lakh or life imprisonment ↳ Else 5 lakh or 5 yr imprisonment

(4) Use of [Zero FIR] to file cybercrime complaint anywhere ↳ greater reporting.

(5) Use of [digital evidence] - easy to prosecute.

Challenges in implementation

(1) Poor capacity of personnel ↳ lack of trained professional in Cyber crime (2) Inadequate infrastructure and advanced compute systems to tackle (3) Ambiguities in provision and definition (4) Technical challenges → tough to trace via Dark web.