“Internal security challenges in India are increasingly shaped by external and transnational dynamics.” Examine the statement with relevant examples.

Influence of external factors

1. Geopolitical spill over → USA and China contesting in north-east

   • Bangladesh-Manipur-Myanmar nexus.

2. Safe heaven → in neighbourhood

   • LWE, North east, ULFA in Myanmar

3. Proxy war through internal faultlines.

   • Pakistan in J&K-sponsoring terror in Pahalgam

4. Drug cartel and transnational organised crimes

   • Golden crescent (Iran, Afg, Pak)
   • golden triangle (Myanmar, Thailand, Laos)

5. Financial and weapons smuggling

   • Nepal used as route due to free movement regime.

6. Ethnic ties across borders contributes to it

7. Geopolitical → fuelling Khalistani element in Canada & UK as a strategy

Presence point of India

Way forward →

• Comprehensive national security doctrine
• Zero tolerance approach
• W HAM approach to integrate
• Vibrant village programme
• Diplomatic deftness by SCO, FATF to be used to raise concern