How effective has India been in enhancing immunization coverage over the years? What challenges continue to affect immunization efforts in the country?

ge basis vaccines decided | +--- primary health centres to give to young children, even anganwadis | +--- Mission Indradhanush + target few diseases

Indian immunization - been effective to enhance coverage

1. Led to eradication of diseases like Polio Type 1 from India
2. Free vaccines through anganwadis have led to reduced infant and child mortality
3. Awareness based approach through advertisements, persvasion is useful eg A. Bachan for Polio, COWIN COVID-vaccines on social media
4. has acted effectively against few very dangerous & fatal diseases like Encephalitis, Measles Mumps etc
5. Recntly the vaccnation of HPV for girls at school level is good step to fight cervical cancer
6. Led to huge production of such vaccins through Serum, Zydus like institutes. Even Research based new vaccines

But concerns remain

1. Diseases like TB, Measles are still prevalant
2. Not all disease covered

Challenges in immunization effort:

1. Lack of awareness among people thus inhibition against use - considers dangerous (eg seen hestancy during COVID-19 in tribal areas.
2. Lack of state support for vaccine research and production thus private monopolies (serum etc) (only 1.5% of GDP spent on health).
3. Due to Antimicrobial Resistance, the prevalent vaccines have failed. (eg) X-TB
4. Poor state of primary health centre (Srineth Reddy committee) - which is first interface of the immunization.
5. Vaccine derived diseases are a concern like VD-Polio.