"Climate warming and unsustainable groundwater extraction are likely to amplify the challenges related to groundwater sustainability." In light of the above statement discuss various reasons for groundwater depletion and highlight government initiatives to address the challenges.

Reasons for groundwater depletion

(1) The agri practices accounting for 89% of groundwater use (MoJS Dynamic groundwater assessment Report 2022).

(2) Prevalance of rice-wheat system especially in "Green Revolution belts". Ex. In Punjab, Haryana.

(3) The irregular erratic nature of Indian monsoon adds to the problem of drought and water depletion.

(4) The water divide and nature of river system in India. Ex. Peninsular rivers are seasonal in nature.

(5) Pollution of the river stretches due to industrial activities (Ex. Ganga river) increases dependence on groundwater.

(6) Use of groundwater even for industrial purposes. Ex. in fertile northern India.

(7) Inefficient and non-judicious use of water for domestic consumption.

(8) Increasing pollution and population (largest in the world i.e. 17% of global population) results in stress on 4% of global water resources i.e. the demand-supply mismatch.

The governmental initiatives

(1) Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABY) with focus on "one water Approach".

(2) National water Mission and Jal shakti abhiyan promoting rainwater harvesting.

(3) Water stewardship with initiatives like "Jal Jeevan Mission" i.e. Har ghar Jal.

(4) water metering and "Bharat tap" rating system for water use efficiency.

(5) National Aquifer mission (NAQUIM), DRIP initiative and promotion of water efficient crops. Ex. Millets.