UPSC Mains 2026 · GS III · Q12 · 15 marks · 250 words

How are startups in India promoting entrepreneurship, innovation and employment ? Discuss the global and domestic challenges in their working and suggest suitable measures to overcome these challenges.

हिन्दी में

भारत में नवोन्मेषी उद्यम (स्टार्टअप्स) किस प्रकार उद्यमिता, नवाचार तथा रोजगार को प्रोत्साहित कर रहे हैं ? उनकी कार्यप्रणाली में वैश्विक तथा घरेलू चुनौतियों की विवेचना कीजिए तथा उन चुनौतियों को पराजित करने हेतु उपयुक्त सुझाव दीजिए ।

How a topper answered the closest question

Toppers wrote this one in a test series: “What is a deep tech startup? Discuss challenges in the development of deep tech startup ecosystem in India? Also, give suggestions to address the challenges.”

Aditi VarshneyAIR 57 · CSE 2022 · 158 wordsTheir whole copy

Opening · a definition

Deep tech startups refers to the startups which deal with newer technologies like Deep learning, Machine learning, etc -> which are highly technology intensive.

Body · points

Diagram
[Potential of deep tech startups] |-- Encourages Research in non core and new areas |-- Designing at unique solutions to problems |-- Helps achieving disruptive technology -> enhances India's image in international forum |-- Increases scope for technology upgradation -> Boosts Economic growth

Challenges

(1) Lack of Funding and incubation support

(2) Lack of necessary infrastructure e.g. labs, electricity coverage, internet penetration in hinterlands.

(3) Long gestation periods -> this inhibits participation and engagement with deep technology.

(4) Unassured Returns Further disincentivises Research

(5) Lack of Research orientation and ecosystem -> Rote learning orientations since schools.

(6) Patent Regime - not encouraging.

Steps to address challenges

(1) Investing in Research ecosystem e.g. Atal Innovation Mission.

(2) Incentivising Research -> Incubation Support incentives e.g. Startup India, Performance linked incentive scheme.

(3) A functional Triad

Diagram
Academic - Industry - Government

(4) Global cooperation e.g. leveraging international groups for investments, technology transfers.

(5) Supporting long term Research startups by financial support, handholding etc.

Close · a summary

We need to incentivise Deep Tech startups as they could be potential game changers for the economic growth and newly emerging problems.

How toppers approach this question, and more on its topic: open the question.

Toppers’ answers to other close questions

Source: UPSC, Civil Services (Main) Examination 2026, General Studies Paper III, Q12. The paper on upsc.gov.in. Themes and links to toppers’ answers are by UPSC Grade, not by UPSC.