Raghav JhunjhunwalaAIR 4 · CSE 2025 · 244 wordsTheir whole copy
Opening
KC wheare certifies Indian model as quasi-federal form; which leads to emergent forms like cooperative, competitive & confrontational federalism.
co-operative federalism is rooted at design of constitution I. Legislative (Art 245-263) + schedule 7 II. Executive (Amicable devolution of functions, etc) III. Financial (Ex: Fin. comm. Art-280 as balancing wheel)
Body · points and prose
Examples (co-operative)
I. GST (grand bargain between centre and states)
II. During covid → +0.5% borrowing allowed to states
III. Restoring powers of Fin. comm by abolishing Planning Commission
Rise of Competitive Federalism (1) Interstate Competition to attract Investment (2) NITI Aayog (SDG Index, etc.) (3) Fight for Para-Diplomacy
Rise of Confrontational Federalism Vertical (1) Language Issue (2) Devolution Issue Horizontal (Interstate boundary issue, etc.)
Analyzing role of Constitutional mechanisms
I. Article 263 : Interstate council → PM chair: most comprehensive platform for federal discussions.
Issue: (1) Defunct for long (2) taken over gradually by NITI Aayog (3) Sarkaria commn. Revival recommendation.
II. Judicial: Integrated and Independent Has original jurisdiction.
III. Art 262: Parliament to resolve Inter-State water disputes.
IV. Fin commission (Article 280)
Extra Constitutional mechanisms
I. NITI Aayog (cooperative & competitive Fedo) ↳ Team India Annual meetings
Issue: (1) Advisory only (2) NO financial powers (3) Alleged political Bias
II. Zonal councils (1956) Issues:
- rare convening
- decisions not binding
Close · a way forward
III. North-East Council Similar Issues
Thus, need to move towards direction of 'Team India' spirit and Ek-Bharat → Shresth Bharat to realize Viksit Bharat 2047;
6 more toppers’ answers to this question, part by part, and how they all approached it: open the question.