Vishali P: Sociology I answer copy

Thinkers & their views

• Montesquieu - In his spirit of law talked about separation of powers when society was monarchy
• voltaire - called for freedom of speech
• JJ Rosseau - In his 'social contract' advocated republican form of government
• John Locke - called for 3 inalienable rights
  1. Right to life ii. Right to property iii. Right to personal freedom
• Right to property gave rise to capitalism and rise of modern society according to marxists

French Revolution 1789

gave new ideas like liberty, fraternity, equality

that challenged existing social structures

Industrial Revolution - laid new philosophical view of wealth, which was viewed as limited before. Now the vast possibility of wealth suddenly available by world wide trade.

These philosophical ideals posed way for sociology to arrive as:

i. challenged social order and structures ii. change in people's way of life - Rural to urban; Joint family to nuclear family etc iii. widespread confusion, riots, revolutions eg: French Revolution

These changes prompted social thinkers to study society that gave rise to sociology as a new discipline. Initial thinkers like Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim wanted to continue social stability which was direct impact of these philosophical thinkings

variables are something that changes. It is a unit of scientific study that identities what changes in relation to what. often a hypothesis statement contains relation between variables in understanding some phenomena.

Significance i. Defining abstract concepts Eg - Juvenile delinquency is due to low income

variable A                               variable B

Here variable B is cause of variable A is the hypothesis which makes study easy. ii. cause and Effect Webers 'Protestant Ethics and spirit of Capitalism' puts Protestant ethics (variable A) is due to capitalism ( variable B) iii. comparitive methodology By taking various factors (variables) responsible for a phenomena (variable), we can compare and arrive at result.

Eg: Poverty (variable A) is caused by low education level (variable B), low income (C), poor social support (D), unfortunate incident (E)..etc

iv. Quantitative and qualitative measurement

• statistical methods use quantitative variable data to arrive at conclusion. Eg: Birth rate in tribal areas
• Qualitative measurement such as religion, caste etc.

Multivariate analysis

studies effect of multiple independent variables on one/more dependent variable. used effectively by Emile Durkheim in suicide study.

India's successful schemes like 'Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao' took on child development (variable dependent) and its factors as multiple variables like society, funding, food & nutrition, education, information & communication etc.

variables help to arrive to definite conclusions in studying a phenomena.

Karl Marx in his study of 'dialectical materialism' argues that material resource are the chief proponents of ideas and not vice versa as given by Hegel.

Production of material life

(1) Historical dialectics - Evolving from primitive communism where all resources are shared by all, the production of surplus gave rise to private property which then evolved to capitalism.

(2) Family - The arrival of nuclear family for the purpose of inheritance and legitimate transfer of property.

(3) Revolution The change in factors of production and relations of production is due to material resources.

④ structure of society

The economy / material resources control all other factors in society. For instance, democracy supports capitalism and allows 'lassiez faire'

⑤ Different classes

The existence of only two classes 'haves' and 'have nots' ie) Capitalists and workers was given by Marx. In his theory of class conflict, Marx shows that differences between them based on material give rise to 'class conflict' and a violent revolution to establish a communist state

⑥ technological developments