AIR 68 · CSE 2022 · ANT1 · 52 pages

Utkarsh Ujjwal: ANT1 answer copy

14 answers by Utkarsh Ujjwal, as written in the test.

The questions

  1. Q1(a)Write notes on the following in about 150 words each:10 marks
  2. Q1(b)Relevance of complementary filiation. (10 Marks) Status and role10 marks
  3. Q1(c)Division of labour by gender. (c) Reference group and anticipatory socialization.10 marks
  4. Q1(d)Social Groups and Institutions .10 marks
  5. Q1(e)The gift economy (10 Marks) (e) State and stateless societies10 marks
  6. Q2(a)Although most people in today's world still function within geographically defined communities, territorial borders have become increasingly irrelevant given the "cultural flows" in our emerging global environment. Discuss.15 marks
  7. Q2(b)Critically examine the debate between Formalists and Substantivists.20 marks
  8. Q2(c)Briefly discuss nature, meaning and scope of Political Anthropology. Also Differentiate between Primitive and Modern Law.15 marks
  9. Q3(a)Discuss the statement, "Culture is Superorganic".15 marks
  10. Q3(b)Consumption is always social even when it addresses physical needs. Elaborate.15 marks
  11. Q3(c)Discuss the characteristics of tribal economy. Also discuss typology of tribal economy in India by L.P. Vidyarthi and Majumdar.20 marks
  12. Q7(a)Briefly describe the factors responsible for decline in marriage in the world and also give anthropological interpretations of live in relationships.20 marks
  13. Q7(b)Discuss the nature of Law and Justice in simple societies citing suitable examples.15 marks
  14. Q7(c)How does Weber's analysis of social stratification differ from that of Marx?15 marks

The answers

Question 1(a) · 10 marks · 293 words written

Write notes on the following in about 150 words each:

Opening · a definition

Anthropology (Anthropos = human, logos = study) is the holistic study of socio cultural evolution and biological variation in human beings across space and time. (M. Herskovitz)

It is a synthetic science that has close links with both natural and social science, thus making it a HOLISTIC discipline.

Body · points and prose

HOLISM: a hallmark of Anthropology

It refers to studying the multifaceted dimensions of a phenomenon without any narrow reductionist findings.

-> (i) Kula, Potlatch, Moka reciprocity have highlighted the EMBEDDEDNESS of kinship and society in economic life of primitive societies.

(ii) The 4 fold classification given by Franz Boas studies all the dimensions of humans.

(iii) The tools of Anthropological research

Diagram
- Synchronic and diochronic approach to analyse data - Comparative and cross sectional methodology - Both emic and etic approach - Cultural relativism, fieldwork

(iv) Integrated interdisciplinary research eg - ethnolinguistics, social psychology etc

(v) Multiple theories to analyse from holistic dimension eg - Julian Stewards: cultural ecology

  • Leslie White's: technological determinism

Thus Anthropology has evolved to be a holistic discipline that must be encouraged to avoid racism, ethnocentrism, regionalism etc

Subculture

E.B Tylor, in "Primitive Culture (1871)" defined culture as a 'complex whole of knowledge, belief, customs, morals, arts and laws acquired by man as a member of society. eg] Values, rituals, traditions etc

Sub-culture is a form of culture that is followed by a small section of people living within a larger society following a culture.

Diagram
- Large circle labelled "Society A, culture A" - Small shaded circle inside: "culture B (subculture)"

-> Eg Hippies, cult followers -> Eg small Spanish population living in Brazil -> Eg Anglo Indians in India

IMPORTANCE

  1. Increase social diversity and cultural plurality
  2. are representatives of rich historical past iii) vehicles of traditions and values iv) They exist as an independent culture and are
Diagram
- man made part of environment (Herskovitz) - essential for fulfilling needs of society (Instrumental Reality) (Malinowski) - a symbolic way of life (Leslie White)

ISSUES

  1. Dominance by majority leading to
Diagram
- Denial of opportunities (eg - Indian communities in Australia, Mexicans in USA) - Racial discrimination (eg - Asian in USA) - Imposition of majority culture

Close · a way forward

Sub-cultures must be viewed from an emic perspectives and their analysis must involve Historical reconstruction of their past as noted by F Boas.