Shivani Panchal: OPTIONAL answer copy

Agrain structure is studied by various scholars to understand Indian villages. Daniel Thorner perspective He gave the concept of classification of the peasants in mixed capitalist society where land is monetized, and agri-business are emerging (NITI AYOG strategy of India @ 75) diagram AGRAIAN STRUCTURE Malik ↓ Kisan ↓ Majdor 1. The land owners (malik) become the pseudo cultivator. They bought a lot of land and reinvested in education and then in land. 2. Kisan are the agrarian peasants who have average land holding and cultivate their land. 3. Majdoor the marginal labourers who migrate from less prosperous region to more prosperous. CRITICISM → He does n't take into account the gender dimension (Veena Majumdar) → He left the caste dimension (Zoya Hasan study) As per the Britishers view, Tribes are the primitive people who live sedentary life. Euro centric view consider the caste and tribe as same and differentiate them on the basis of place of resisdance like plain and hill areas. GS ghurye in his work caste and Race in India, 1932 provided the same view ie "Tribe caste continuum" 1) Tribes are the partially hinduized tribes, they follow hindu traditions 2) Tribes are not properly integrated in Indian society, due to which their assimilation in hindus not taken place. 3) Britishus had used the derogatory laws like Criminalized tribes to hamper their integration in society. 4) There is need to their proper integration with Indian society. His view was criticised on various ground 1) V. Elwin, who presented the primitive image 2) L.P Vidhyarthi, this primitiveness is due to complex forest relation. To properly integrate tribes in society follow J.Nehru 'Tribal Panchshil' MC Mariott in his Indian village study gave the concept of little tradition which are localised in smaller region and great tradition are those which are culturally accepted everywhere (larger society). diagram - Little tradn - ↑ universalisation - ↓ Parochialisation - Great tradn Importance in social change 1. The assimilation of different festivals from local to global (Ex) Raksha Bandhan coincided with sulano makes wife visiting their home universal 2. Westernization started with Macdonaldisation in global world got integrated with asian countries (MN Srinivas) 3. The use of local language at global platform make great tradition (Eg) Neeraj chopra 'use of haryanavi' 4. Consumurism driven commodity fetishism due to the globali-sation (Eg) Influencer promoting Mana Earth gain media attention 5. The work organisation method (Eg) During COVID , physical work converted to work from home world wide Hence Little and great tradition helps in understanding social change in society MN Srinivas brings the ethnographic and participant observation method in the field study to understand the Indian society structures. He was influenced by British sociologist school for conducting the field study. His seminal work like caste in modern India, debusting myths of self sufficiency of Indian villages etc break out the hallmark of textual authority. His views and study 1. He advocated that hindu text provide the refrences of varna not caste in detail. In the sociological reality, caste is present and varna is the broad division which do not maintain and control social institution . 2. Caste dynamism is provided by the concept of ritual rank and secular rank. Ritual rank is based on ascription which is fixed by birth and secular on the basis of education, social status etc. 3. Caste mobility via sanskritization where the lower castes follow the norms of upper caste for riding up high in ritual hierarchy of caste (Eg) Yadaus of Bihar, Reddis of Telangana. 4. He provided (20th century avatar of caste) where the politicization of caste and vote-bank politics is playing role. 5. The Dowry which is modern sati percolated in lower caste due to sanskritization. 6. The social reality of mobility is possible only in immediate caste due to purity of labour. diagram * A box divided horizontally into two sections: * Top section labelled: upper caste * Bottom section labelled: lower caste * Arrow originating from the lower section pointing upwards to the upper section labelled: sanskritization 7 According to his essay, Indian villages are not little republic due to functional dependency, exogamy etc. His works are criticised on following views 1. He justified the upper caste dominance via sanskritization (A. Beteille) 2. He does not consider the gender dimension in caste mobility (Leela Dubey) 3. The dowry continuity is not explained via cultural means. MN Srinivas has laid the foundation of structuralism in Indian sociology which will refined and refound by post structuralist like DP Mukerji etc. Historical materialism is the concept of Karl Marx where it is defined as course of history is traced in terms of changes in economic condition. AR Desai, Indian marxist applied economic deter-minism in his work 'Social Background of India nationalism' to understand Indian society in economic conditions. 1. Change in mode of production after arrival of colonialist. They make the land a monetized commodity and source of revenue. diagram - Feudalism - land owners - Jajman systm → - land montized - revenue - Entrepeneur capitalists sociely 2. The social background of Indian nationalism where the middle class initialy dominated the Indian freedom struggle then the involvement of workers, peasants, women etc for ideological domination 3. In the end of Indian nationalism the political power captured by the political-educated elite for the profit 4. Myths of Indian welfareism : In the 1970s the social welfare schemes started by government for the vulnerable section to curb the revolution by the proletarial. 5. He advocated the cultural domination is negligible in social change of India but economy dominates it (eg) Post capitalist society, the income gap between upper and lower section (OXFAM report) 6. He also presented his view on 'Agrarian structure in Indian society' about the class division in peasants * Land owners with lands * Marginal land owners * Labourers. 7. The Indian Nationalism was divided in 'five phases' which presented the capture of power by elites and propertied His views are criticised 1. A. Beteille, Indian society runs on 'cultural tradition' not the economic avenue. 2. His view is utopian in the multi ethnic and cultural society. His view helps us to understand the Indian society in terms of economic determinism. Indologist "GS ghurye" in his seminal work presented that Indian society is hindu society which works on the principle of hindu culture where Brahmins dominate in caste hierarchy. Relation between Brahmins patriarchy (casteism) and sexism 1. As per Brahminical text like Vedas, manusmrite, the ritual should be perfomed by man like hawan promote sexism. 2. The notion of purity and pollution which asserts the sacredness of religious places. (Eg) During menstruation women are not allowd in temples. 3. The gender stratification is available in every stratification (Eg) The lower caste women face more attrocities than upper caste women 4. Diceasing avenus of education in early society by Brahmanes drag the women backward (Eg) During independance les than 20% women were educated 5. The division of labour led to concept of 'Devi Dichotony' (Veena Das) For gender equality, there is need of affirmative action like SHG but on the same hand behavioural sensitization Talcot parson in his seminal work provides the 'instrumental' and reproductive role to women which shows the sexual division in society. Patriachal norm challenged by paternity leave 1. Paternity leave presents the equal conjugal relation in family dimension. 2. It enforces the norm that child procreation and upbringing is equal responsibiliti. 3. The division of labour in society when man have production role and women have reproductive role (Aristotle) is being challenged. Challenges in paternity leave. 1. Ann Oakley in his 'Housewife' presented the picture that 80% of men work in industry is due to women unpaid labour. 2. The patriarchy is ingrained in our society due to a) Validation of child rearing legitimacy b) economic dependency of women on men. It is difficult to be changed. 3. The sociological study showed the proportion at which womens participation in economic sphere is increasing the mens in child care is not increasing (Karuna Ahmad) 4. Organisation work culture will not allow men to take leave ↳ Capitalism [emmisisation theory] loss of profit due to manpower 5.