AIR 53 · CSE 2024 · OPTIONAL · 50 pages

Shivani Panchal: OPTIONAL answer copy

2 answers by Shivani Panchal, as written in the test.

The questions

  1. Q8(b)Discuss the scope of sociology with respect to the emergence of modern society. (c) Explain the importance of hypothesis in social research.
  2. QAnswer the following in about 150 words each: (a) Sociology is often called the queen of social sciences; (b) What do you mean by Positivism? Discuss its utility and criticisms; (c) Discuss the importance of reliability and validity in sociological research; (d) Explain the concept of family and its changing structure; (e) Discuss the role of education in social mobility.

The answers

Question 8(b) · 408 words written

Discuss the scope of sociology with respect to the emergence of modern society. (c) Explain the importance of hypothesis in social research.

Opening

None written.

Body

8(b)

Modern society means where the cultural and social upheaval is on rational line to bring efficiency and objectivity in various sphere.

Diagram
Traditional society (Slave, feudal) → Renaissance (commercial revolution, Ideological change, Russian revolution) → Modern Society (Industrial revolution, Intellectual upheaval) → Post modern (Refinement, expansion)

SOCIETY'S COURSE

Emergence of society is due to modernity:

  1. Intellectual upheaval in society as Montesquieu "the spirit of law" and Rousseau "social contract theory" brought political change.
  2. The dialectics between enlightenment and counter enlightenment who were conflicting between rationalism and religious relevance.
  3. Industrial revolution brings changes:
    • Nuclearisation of family because of nature of work
    • The urbanisation which is unsustainable
    • Home based production got converted into factory based production
  4. Natural science influence bring rationality.
  5. Russian revolution which emphasize on equality, liberty and fraternity

Because of these there was chaos in society and to find solution to social problems early sociologist like Herbert Spencer, August Comte laid the foundation of sociology.

As the society got progressed the concept of societal demands, issues changes and widen the scope of sociology.

  1. Democratic institution got strength due to which various sociologist studied in this sphere
    • Robert Michels "Iron law of oligarchy"
  2. With development, the inclusion and assimilation of tribal society came in picture
    • Elwin V. and Ghurye study.
  3. The functional alternative came in picture of functionally universal institution
    • Kibbutz as primary socialisation.
  4. Traditional role of various institution decreased with time
    • Family → social regulation, now laws, police etc
  5. Social media's influence in social interaction

Thus the scope of sociology is widening with the industrial revolution 4.0 and rationality in post modern society.

8(c)

Hypothesis means the initial relationship statement between various variables to give a direction to research.

Diagram
Existing knowledge → Hypothesis build → data collect → test → (approve/disapprove) → (retest/modify) → thesis → law

Importance of Hypothesis building

  1. It helps to refine the many ideas into one on which data could be collected
    • (e.g.) Education influenced by many factor like parental income, place, state, govt law etc, on which he want to research
  2. It helps in determining or deciding the research design which researcher going to decide
    • Exploratory/Descriptive design
    • Qualitative/Quantitative method
  3. It helps in establishing the causal relationship between the variable
  4. Identifying and categorizing variable:
    • dependent
    • Independent
    • Extraneous
  5. It helps to decide the sphere in which researcher want to conduct research

Close

Hypothesis is the initial point of research, to make it certain condition needed to be taken care of it should simple, clear relation, and not laid with prejudices and biases.. for conducting reliable and valid research