Shivani Panchal: OPTIONAL answer copy

Not solution to inequality

1. Perpetuazation of poverty culture (Oscar Lewis) due to poor qualitative avenus
2. The ill treatment to lower caste sarpanch in rural India
3. The majority stakeholder in corporates of owner

Mobility reduces inequality, but the socio-cultural tradition fabric reduces its implication. Need of how is to build harmonious and inclusive development in society

2(a)

Emile Durkheim was a functionalist and in his work social facts, totemism, an elementary form of religion etc, he talked about the collective effervesence that is the social integration.

In his work he traced the social evolution in terms of the solidarity.

• In the primitive society, the material and moral density was very low. As the production was via means of animate powers. Due to which there is less DOL. So the mechanical solidarity is high. Peoples relations are guided by the family relation and bonds because there was home based production. • But as the society moves, the material and moral density started rising due to technology upgradation.

• People who were not able to compete for the same labour started funding new labour. • Division of labour become prominent for the social integration of society and mechanical solidarity incraus.

Significance

1. The modern high division of labour is social integrative for functioning of social institution.

2. Anomie in the DOL due to the pathological state as the state crosses the normal state.

3. The interdependence between the various parts of social organisation for collegiality to get the work done.

But his work is criticised on the following reason:

1. The Division of labour is not integrative. → social exploitation of labour class
2. The dysfunction of his model not taken into consideration.

Durkheim's work open up the new front to analyse the evolution of society like other scholars Comte, Marx, Hegel etc.

2(b)

Marx in his seminal work "contribution to critique of economic social and political works" talked about the historical materialism.

According to Engels, historical materialism is the course of history taken by society on economic determinism. Marx was inspired by the Hegel's idea of idealism but he gave it point of view of economic sphere.

Feature of Marx materialism

1. He defined the society's course in terms of

Mode of production which consists of force of production (FOP) and Relation of production (ROP)

1. FOP means the technology, capitals which is used to produce goods

2. ROP means the relation between the two entities of society

a) Between man and man which works on antagonistic cooperation

b) Between man and thing which took exchange value in place of use value.

1. According to him the FOP and ROP makes the basic foundation and on which social suprastructure is built

SOCIETY SUPER STRUCTURE

1. The society moud in diffuent MOP which rise in the economic significance.

2. According to him, 'the being does n't define the conciousness of man but his social being define his conciousness'

3. When the haves will gain subjective conciousness of objective reality, revolution will take place

His idea opposed to idealism

1. He does not took the other factor in consideration like culture (Karl Popper)
2. He is economic reductionist by accentuating only one point of view (Max Weber)
3. Revolution is distant reality → V. Lenin study of trade unionism, more priority to job stability than wage.
4. The technology and division of work brings the efficiency and productivity (Taylorism)

Marx work put light on that how economy influence the social relation. For becoming vibrant democracy India needs to work on economic sphere for inclusiveness.

2(c)

Triangulation is one the scientific method of Norman L whee his empasis on cross substanialization for credibility, reliability and comprehensiveness in research.

It means cross checking with result of other for establishing reliability.

(1) For example, study of social status in weburs trinitarian model. The cross credibility of person social status could only be establish by enhancing the research through multiple neigherus to reduce biasness.

(2) In participant observation method, the report writing of observation will work as second pillar of triangulation.

(3) The cross-validation of data which is secondary in quantitative research brings triangulation credibility.

But there are issues as well (Eg) The study of jajmani system in India Louie (marxist) and william wiser (functionalist) brought diffrent result hence ideology and values can be one cause of reducing objectivity. So researcher value neutrality with the need of how (Habermas).

5(a)

Feminist school of thought asserts that gender is not a biological construct but a social construct for stratification and inequality.

Gender inequality discussed in climate talks

1. Uttarakhand study of chullah where the biofuels burned which is equivalent to 30 cigrattes (Aruna Sharma)

2. Meena Das in her study of climatic implication on women changes discussed about the burden of household inau example water fetching from well (Rajasthan)

Gender inequality not discussed in climate

1. The global integration ideology that environment will impact all human beings equally.
2. Climatic studies revolved around flora and fauna (Eg) IPCC assessment review 6.

Climate implications "put women on disadvantage stage" at recieving end. The plantation drive, PM KUSUM, Panchamrit are need of hour.

5(b)

Religion dominates the socio, cultural, economical and other sphere of human life. There are major 10 religion but more than 1000 sub division like sect and cult in religion.

1. with modernity the basic function of religion took by other institution (b) education monitorig by CBSE

2. According to them, religion values will perform basic fuction (b) Andre Beteille in India religion guide way of life

3. The depth the dyfunction of religion (b) Marx, religion ideology of upper class

4. Functional intsitution of life and work for social integration (b) Durkheim totetims.

Religion is the dominant sphre of social life as per Steve Bruce, religion and modernity will go hand in hand in socirty.

5(c)

Sociological studies involve the study of history in terms of text, manuscript to understand the evolution of society.

"Hermeneutics" means the linguistic proficiency to understand the historical and traditional culture.

Application in the field of sociology

1. W.H. Riven study of Toda

tribe of nilgire helps to undu- -stand the primitive lifestyle of the people

1. Bengal oriental society studied the Indian history for colonial interust

2. The undustanding of already conducted sociological study (→) Malinosnki study of Trobriand tribe by other scholars

3. Inter-national undustanding (→) westernization origin and spread in other countris

4. For making sociological studies acceptable in tribes (subject of study) to avoid ethical issues

Hence, "Hermeneutics" helps in sociological study in wide aspect

5(d)

According to ILO, informal sector are those sectors where the employers and employees relations are not guided by laws, rules and regulation.

Importance for developing countries

1. The population growth and employment growth are not in harmony in developing country. Thats why it emerged.

2. According to Karuna Ahmad, in India 80% women works in informal sector which provide them autonomy

3. The informality in sector reduce the input cost which make export competitive (Structural school)

4. The MSME sector gave employment to more than 50% people in India, increase social mobility

5. Informal sector, make the employer and employer worker easy (Dualistic school)

6. It is the sector which absorb the worker laid off in the COVID period (Leela Dubey)

There is need of effective regulator of informal sector for organisation and countries sustainable growth.

5(e)

Identity politics means the use of identity like caste, class, race, ethnicity to mobilise the voters instead of ideology.

EG In recent campaign of elections in USA, Harris Kamala mobilise people on ground on Indian origin and asian.

Identity politics as divisive force

1. It creates the "Us vs they" ideology and hamper social peace

   EG Catholic christain v/s protestant christain in European countries

2. Islamization of politics in non muslim dominated country (Dabblu)

Eg In India, Hindu votebank or muslim votebank. 3. Ghettoization of certain race by majority Eg Blacks in African countries during colonialism

Identity politics as unifying force

1. In India, the rise of lower caste via political mobilization Eg comeback of SPA in UP in 18th Lok Sabha [OBC vote] votes
2. The black people rule after Neleson Mandela's movement → social upliftment