AIR 177 · CSE 2020 · ANT2 · 26 pages

PRATIK JUIKAR: ANT2 answer copy

9 answers by PRATIK JUIKAR, as written in the test.

The questions

  1. Q1(a)Indian village and Jajmani system.10 marks
  2. Q1(b)Explain Universalisation and Parochialisation with suitable examples.10 marks
  3. Q1(c)Panchayati Raj has proved prime mover behind women empowerment. Explain.10 marks
  4. Q1(d)Racial division of Indian tribals10 marks
  5. Q1(e)Social hinderance, institutional problems; lack of interest of students are reasons behind poor educational background of tribals.10 marks
  6. Q2(a)Unemployment and Underemployment in Tribals15 marks
  7. Q2(b)Indian village as a social system and changes in contemporary times.15 marks
  8. Q2(c)Tribal displacement is outcome of multiple factors. Explain. Discuss problems in rehabilitation of tribals.20 marks
  9. Q3(a)There are multiple problems of the tribal communities, leading to deprivation of tribals in socio-economic parameters. Explain with examples.25 marks

The answers

Question 1(a) · 10 marks · 240 words written

Indian village and Jajmani system.

Opening

Anthropologists consider Indian villages as natural entry point for study of Indian society. Jajmani system is an important socio-economic institution of traditional village.

William Wiser in his book 'The Hindu Jajmani system' based on Karimpur village of UP first named and studied it. According to him, it is an inter-familial system with intercaste relations & inter-generational dependency.

Body · points and prose

Features

Diagram
Chamar --------------------- | Sonar --------------------- v Land owning Jajman ^ ^ ^ Brahmin ----------------- | | -------- Kumhar | | Nai ------------------------- | -------- Mali
  • Thus it divides village economy in patron-client relationships.
  • It works on principles of exchange, between food producing families and families which supply them other goods and services.
  • These ties are hereditary and based on ideology of paternalism.
  • According to S.C Dube; the economic rights are fixed, but D.N. Majumdar has found them to be transferable with mutual consent.
  • However, according to Dumont, Jajmani system is a ritual expression rather than economic arrangement.

Significance

  1. Regulation of division of labour & economic interdependence of castes
  2. Makes village self sufficient
  3. According to Iravati Karve, it provides socio-economic basis to caste system
Diagram
Jajmani ----legitimises----> Caste ^ | |-----------enforces--------|
  • However some scholars found it as exploitative in nature because of lower payments, difference in power, rigid structure, economic deprivation etc.
  • According to Majumdar, it is a cause of bonded labour.

Changes in Contemporary Times

Close · a summary

Labour laws, land reforms, livelihood programmes (such as MGNREGS) and industrial economy, urbanisation have weakened the Jajmani system. Currently, it is only present in ritualistic form in Urban India and losing relevance even in Rural India.