Question 1(a) · 10 marks · 290 words written
Q1 a) Pseudo Tribalism (10)
Opening · a definition
Tribalism refers to strong cultural & ethnic identity separating oneself as member of one tribal group from others. However, Pseudo-Tribalism has emerged as a false sense of tribalism in which non-tribals take up certain tribal features to get social or economic benefits. Thus, pseudo-tribalism is weakening Tribalism.
Body · points
Types
A) Tribalisation - In this way, non-tribal groups adopt tribal features and practices and acquire or demand tribal status. e.g: Gujjars in Rajasthan demanding ST status
B) Detribalisation - It is when originally tribal community gives up tribal attributes - through Sanskritisation, Peasantisation, Hinduisation etc. yet they continue to claim ST status for benefits. e.g: Surjeet Sinha's study of Bhumij tribe of odisha show that they show all features of caste but continue to claim ST status
Reasons
- Lower caste groups chose this method to come out of oppression of caste hierarchy. e.g: Untouchables of Nilgiri emulated Todas
- Some higher caste groups also claim it through desanskritisation to get benefits of reservations and welfare programmes.
- To get rights over forests & resources. e.g. Recently supreme court highlighted fake claims of non-tribals under Forest Rights Act, 2006.
- Basis of group loyalty as political & economic agenda. e.g. Jharkhand movement.
Methods Followed
- Following tribal way of life e.g. Bastar region showed caste people worshipping tribal deities and living in hamlets
- Getting ST certificates 'made up'
- Similar sounding names e.g. Korcha (caste) synonymous to Yerukula (tribe)
Significance
Close · a way forward
Pseudo-tribalism has caused mobilisation of people in India for economic and political agenda. It has also created a sense of solidarity. However, it also harms the genuinely deprived tribals by having to share constitutional protection and welfare measures. Thus there is need of awareness and protective strategies.