AIR 110 · CSE 2022 · ANT1 · 47 pages

Nidhi Pai: ANT1 answer copy

8 answers by Nidhi Pai, as written in the test.

The questions

  1. Q1Elaborate on the DNA Structure and protein synthesis with suitable diagrams and critically evaluate the role of DNA in the cell division and cell multiplication process? 1.Write the meaning of Epidemiological Anthropology and Describe the scope of Epidemiological Anthropology during the covid 19 and its critical role played.20 marks
  2. Q2Give a brief note on the twin study, co-twin study, and foster child Methods? 2. Critically elaborate on the Mendelian principles and their application to human populations in the present context.
  3. Q3Critically substantiate the significance of screening and counseling for genetic disorders.
  4. Q4Do Allen's rule and Bergmann's rule hold for human populations? Implications of mutation in evolution with suitable examples and highlight their critical role in evolution? 4. Write a brief note on the role of heredity and environment in the formation of races?
  5. Q5What do you mean by ecological anthropology and critically examine the physiological responses and Acclimatization to the cold climate in a man?
  6. Q6What do you mean by Race and Racism? And give insight into the major classification of the races of the world. Give important biological criteria used frequently for such a classification. 6.What is a Genetic Load and what are various types of Genetic Load with the suitable examples?
  7. Q7What do you mean by Aberrations and describe its types of numerical and sexual chromosomal aberrations?
  8. Q8What do you mean by the Biocultural Adaptations and give insight into how genetic and nongenetic factors will affect the bio-cultural adaptations.

The answers

Question 1 · 20 marks · 651 words written

Elaborate on the DNA Structure and protein synthesis with suitable diagrams and critically evaluate the role of DNA in the cell division and cell multiplication process? 1.Write the meaning of Epidemiological Anthropology and Describe the scope of Epidemiological Anthropology during the covid 19 and its critical role played.

Opening · a definition

(A) DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the genetic material present in the cell.

Body · points

• Crick and Watson explained about the double helix model of the DNA. • DNA is made of up of Basic unit called Nucleotides containing of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen base. • A component containing only a nitrogen base and phosphate group is called a Nucleoside. • The Nucleoside differ from each other based on the Nitrogen base - 4 types.

  • Single ringed bases called Purines - Adenine & Guanine.
  • Double ringed bases called Pyrimidines - Thymine & Cytocine. • Adenine pairs only with Thymine and Guanine pairs only with Cytocine (Chargaff's rules).
Diagram
- DNA Structure: A vertical ladder-like diagram with 5' and 3' ends labeled, base pairs (A=G, T=C, A=G, G=A, C=T), and P and S labels for phosphate and sugar backbone. - Double Helix Model: Intertwined strands.

DNA Structure

• The two strands in a DNA run in anti parallel direction (in 5'-3' direction and other in 3'-5' direction).

→ Protein Synthesis • Proteins are macromolecules that form the base of all basic structures of human. • They are made of chain of amino acids, thus they are also known as Polypeptides. • Protein Synthesis consists of three parts - 1 Transcription of mRNA (Messenger RNA) 2 Processing - Splicing and capping. 3 Translation of mRNA.

(1) Transcription of mRNA - mRNA gets active when a gene is activated. mRNA transcripts the pattern from DNA inside the nucleus. This happens with the help of RNA polymerase.

(2) Processing - Once the above is done, the mRNA enters cytoplasm. The mRNA consists of codon which is to be decoded by tRNA. In the cytoplasm, certain parts of mRNA are spliced (junk DNA, VNTR e.t.c) and there is methylation of DNA.

(3) Translation of mRNA - Here there is another RNA called tRNA which encodes the codon using the anticodon present on the tRNA structure. As the amino acid interacte between the codon and anticodon, the chain of macromolecules is generated.

Diagram
- DNA structure representation with Codon (T, A, C) labeled. - tRNA structure with Anticodon (T, A, C) loop at bottom labeled.

→ Role of DNA in Cell Division and Cell Multiplication process -

  • Organisms propagate their type in the world through the process of cell division and reproduction.
  • Mitosis - Cell division and multiplication in Somatic cells. Results in 2 daughter cells. Ex- Skin, hair e.t.c.
  • Meiosis - In the sexually reproduce organisms in male Testis and female Ovaries.
  • Meiosis consists of Spermatogenesis in males which leads to 4 sperm cells.
  • Oogenesis in females which results in one Secondary oocyte (which will become an egg) and three primary oocytes.

Recent changes of modern lives have created large scale changes in which human body works (Ex- Stress, nutrition etc) Early menopause, Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, deterioration of sperm quality are some of the examples.

(A) Epidemiological Anthropology studies the determinants and distribution of diseases.

○ Initially, there was a push to study and control the spread of diseases. ○ But later, it was realized that along with biological factors, cultural factor also play an important role in disease and health, thus the emergence of the field of Epidemiological Anthropology.

(Ex) In Oceania, Albinism is considered holy.

→ Scope of Epidemiological Anthropology during COVID 19 -

○ COVID was a mix of biological and social factors.

  • Biological - virus.
  • Social - Social distancing, hand wash, behavioural changes.
  • COVID could not be treated only using vaccines unless social changes were accepted.
  • Ex: wearing of masks, lockdowns e.t.c.
  • Educating tribals and convincing for vaccination.
  • Promoting covid appropriate behaviour in people.
  • Sharing of information on covid on international platforms.
  • Removing fear of vaccination from people.
  • There was a need to cooperate with Medicine man, religious leaders, Village elders, panchayats e.t.c to educate people and promote covid appropriate behaviour and thus vaccination.

→ Role played by Epidemiological Anthropology -

  • A combination of social and biological measures to tackle covid.
  • Future ready for such pandemics.
  • Training of officials and personnel.

Close · a summary

Thus, Epidemiological Anthropology was one of the vital aspects of treating of COVID in India and across the world.