Nidhi Pai: ANT1 answer copy

→ Factors affecting growth and Development:

• Genes - Genes and heridity impact the growth and development.
  • height, body type, facial features e.t.c.
  • any functional disability like chromosomal aberrations, hormonal issues e.t.c.
• Environment - the climate surrounding us also impact growth. (Ex) Bergmann's, Allen's rule, Glogger's rule. The difference in growth and development between these races i.e mongoloid, Negroes, caucosoid e.t.c.

○ Nutrition - Nutrition affects the intra uterine conditions too. Poor diets, habits like smoking, alcohol consumption affect growth and development. (Ex) low Body Mass Index, kwashiorkor, marasmus e.t.c.

○ Educational attainment - Higher education means access to information and increased awareness. (Ex) An educated mother can learn what is good for her child and what is not e.t.c.

○ Economic Status - Children in developed countries have better heath and nutritional status and vice versa.

○ Culture - Religion impacts health too. For example certain religions prohibit use of contraception thus leading to more children and poor hearth. Tribes - (Ex) Todas tribes consider consumption of milk as a taboo.

○ Political Situation - Peaceful conditions ensure proper availability of resources and growth. (Ex) war ridden countries are in dire need of resources and it thus affects growth and development. ○ Other reasons

• Intra uterine conditions inside the womb.
• Government policies e.t.c.

→ Impact of COVID 19 On growth and development of marginalized sections -

○ Access to hospitals was reduced thus affecting growth and development of pregnant mothers, infants e.t.c. ○ Nutrition

• No schools thus no mid day meals.
• Break in certain policies like meals for pregnant and lactating women e.t.c. ○ Neglect of family members - Neglect of vaccines for kids during COVID.

o Poor and vulnerable sections of society lost employment and were living on the mercy of the government. (Ex) Hunger deaths reported during COVID. o Orphan children were ignored and several children lost parents which led to deprivation at multiple levels. Growth and development is not just physical but also mental. Covid pandemic led to not just physical pressure but also impacted mental health which had led to growth and development being impacted in a large way.

(A) Ethnoarchaeology uses a combination of ethnographic studies to understand archaeological specimens or conditions.

It studies 'what' of things and tools rather than 'why' of things.

Contribution - Richard Lee, Richard Gould, Lewis Binford.

→ Significance of ethnoarchaeology in study of indigenous craft in India -

○ It explains the functional significance of indigenous craft. (Ex) Significance of cooking in mud utensils even today.

○ Understanding art. (Ex) Worli art - Stick figures. Archaeological studies show absenc of other tools for paintings, thus used sticks.

○ (Eg) Ikat or tie and die paintings. Absence of machines in older days. ○ Explains ritual practices. (Ex) Juang tribes of Orissa - Fire a wooden log while cooking considering it to be pious whereas the truth is people used to be dependent on wood and fire was thus inevitable. ○ Explains the existence of Survivals and parallels in culture. (Ex) Mock capture of brides in certain tribal weddings. ○ Understand the evolution of different cultures. ○ Though, Malinowski believes that no culture survives unless there is functional significance.

→ Critical evaluation -

○ We can study ethnoarchaeological significance if cultures are alive. However, several tribal cultures are getting endangered.

• Thus, the functional significance of a culture dies with them.
• Cultures are not static and keep changing thus their functional significance may also change.
• Intermixing of indigenous arts and cultures these days.