Deepali Mahto: ANT2 answer copy

(b) Impact of Christianity on Caste

Due to contact with the Indian Hindu system there has been instances of caste system penetrating the Christianity also known as Indianisation of Christianity.

Christianity Basic fenet i) egalitarian society ii) no hierachy oased division iii) follow monotheism iv) mobility due to economic and political growth

CASTE AMONG CHRISTIANT

i) Due to early christian mechaw in malabar, syntho christian came into being - → they were higher caste or class (A.K.Iyer). ii) the missionary activities durin the britisher times shows the presence of lower caste among the christian who were dalit converts. ↳ Rowena Robinson study of dalit christians who retained the caste practices but adopted christian endogamy present in the caste group of christian.

iii) presence of stratification in Goa

• Pyramid of social stratification in Goa:
  • Bamman Christian
  • Kanda
  • Sudi
  • Dalit Christian

• challenges the Dalit christian face: i) discrimination from the upper christian ii) marginalisation due to no access to reservation benefit iii) vandalism of church

Recently there has been demand of giving the christian converts 'SC' status to get affirmative action.

(c) Attributional and Interactional Approaches

According to G.S Ghurye caste is hierarchial division of labour, hereditary position with repulsion in social commensality and practice of endogamy.

It is Attributional i) due to the birth of the person. G.S Ghurye said that this is hereditary rigidity due to the birth of the person, based on his book view. ii) there is presence of purity and pollution in practice which was observed by [Louis Dumont] in homo hierarchicus due to birth. iii) there is mutual repulsion, division of labour and hereditary hierarchy according to Bougle. iv) B.R Ambedkar had also called it attribution as it act as gatekeeper of position, endogamy restriction to and have minimum recognition of individual.

It is Interaction → It is due to the functional nature. i) F.G Bailey study of the Bisipara village found the interaction and change in position of caste of Boad. ii) William Wiser said that it is obligatory relation between the jajman and kamins in jajmani system. iii) Andre Beteille in his fruition model of caste system saw the interaction of different caste group.

In recent time the caste has become atributive in giving identity and interactive to get benefits in democratic system.

(d) N.K. Bose: Hindu Mode of Tribal Absorption

N.K Bose in his book of Hindu mode of tribal absorption studied how tribal took up Hindu ways due to contact.

Hindu model of tribal absorption i) In this mode tribal took up Hindu practices and retain their gods due to polytheism. ii) the tribal moved away from the practice of bride price to dowry. The women position in the society decreased. iii) the patriarchal practices were adopted. iv) This idea supported the G.S Ghurye idea of tribal being backward Hindu. iv) affirmation of occupation occurred and the tribal were given security of employment. → there was social acceptance and were given the lower caste status. → the way to escape the system was through [Sanyasi] way of life.

CRITIQUE → i) do not consider the bidirectional flow of custom and culture. → ii) Gotra system from the tribes in Hindu. → ii) Not all recognized the tribal as caste and show a over harmonised picture. iii) use of selective data. iv) [Juang] practice of youth dormitory present. v) Do not acknowledge the counter movement of [tribal revivalism]. Hindu mode of tribal absorption show the mode of tribal and Hindu interaction.

(e) Universalisation and Parochialisation

Robert Redfield in his book the "folk culture of yucatan (1941) studied the diffusion of trait due to interaction between the folk and urban culture.

This continuum was used to study the diffusion of culture in India.

Universalisation (Little tradition → Greater tradition) Parochialisation (Greater tradition → Little tradition)

Universalisation and Parochialisation

1. This was the method by which the tradition from the little culture that is (oral, folk, local, illeterate) were transferred to greater culture (written, factual, textual, Indian).

Mackim Marriott in his study of Krishangarhi village a) Urbanisation of local deity worship of 'Saurati' to Diwali at Pan Indri

b) Parochialisation wher the the greater tradition of Govardhan pooja became gobardhan pooja (little tradition)

L.P. Vidyarthi used this model

to understand the spread of culture through pilgrimage in his sacred complex.

[4] This was based on culture centre model of diffusion.

Limitation i) there is multimodal way of diffusion as ii) proposed by S.C. Dube India does not have rural urban continuum so cannot be explained in bipolar iii) show cultural change and no structural change universalisation and parochialisation explain about the mode of spread to culture

(f) Impact of Globalisation on Caste and Agrarian System

According to Anthony Gidden, globalisation leads to integration of economics of the society across the world.

According to AM Shah:

• Triangle containing labels:
  • Joint family
  • Caste
  • Agrarian relation
• Text below diagram: Initial model of Indian village

Caste and agrarian relation form the bases of Indian village system.

EFFECT OF GLOBALISATION ON CASTE AND AGARIAN SYSTEM

1. The introduction of the market economy and currency has lead to decline of [Jajmani] system.

CASE STUDY - JAMES HOLDER use of razor over [nai] (barber) for the services.

(ii) mechanisation of the farm have accorded due to new technology.

CASE STUDY: AM Shah study found that contractual nature of job has replace permanent interpersonal relation.

(iii) migration pattern have impact the agrarian economy. → CASTE

CASE STUDY: ALICE TILCHE study of immigration of the Patidars show new social capital formation → the immigrant have access to mate and → this has also lead to emergence of the new dominant caste for Gujjar demand for the OBC status in getting employment and education benefit. → There was also a phenomenon of disanskritisation to many adivasi girls.

iv) pauperisation of the lower caste in agrarian economy.

CASE STUDY: Karan Kapadia study of the Sullor village shows that the wealthy caste started adopting the plumbing system that left periyan (lower caste) without economic safety and lead to their pauperisation.

v) Absentee landlordism due to migration lead to breakdown of intercaste relation.

• mutual distrust and conflict.

CASE STUDY: Andre Beteille study of Sripuram saw that Brahmin became absentee landlord that lead to Adi Dravidians becoming better as meridian gained the power. No one leased out land to Adi Dravidians.

iv) decline in ritual hierarchy as Jain oswal gave them higher position than kshatriya.

• Wealth became symbolic over ritual.

Impact i) new caste group association emerged due to social capital become political capital [AJGAR] ii) clan within the caste iii) Dalit capitalism iv) new demand of reservation v) Maratha in Maharashtra (OBC)

Limitation i) caste endogamy still prevalent (only 4% marriage) ii) now caste and village economy became more capital oriented and breakdown of jajmani iii) Lower caste most affected.