AIR 36 · CSE 2023 · ANT2 · 52 pages

Ayushi Pradhan: ANT2 answer copy

14 answers by Ayushi Pradhan, as written in the test.

The questions

  1. Q1(a)Concept of tribe and Indian census; Contribution of Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf to Tribal India10 marks
  2. Q1(c)Tribe-Caste continuum10 marks
  3. Q1(e)Problem of Land Alienation among tribal10 marks
  4. Q3(a)Discuss Socio-cultural, economic, psychological constraints responsible for low literacy among nomadic tribes. Discuss the appropriate solution.20 marks
  5. Q3(b)Unemployment and Under-Employment are major concerns among Tribal communities. Analyse the Causes and Propose appropriate solutions.15 marks
  6. Q3(c)Discuss the primary health, wellness and nutritional status of tribal and rural children in India. Comment on Policy Initiatives of government.15 marks
  7. Q4Discuss the various problems faced by Shifting cultivators and hunting & Food Gathering Tribes.15 marks
  8. Q4(a)If the awareness of Adivasis and their concerns is scant among non-Adivasi population of India, knowledge about communities described as 'denotified tribes' is almost absent. In this context discuss different issues faced by Denotified & Nomadic Tribes (DNTs) of India and the steps taken by the government to resolve it.20 marks
  9. Q4(c)Discuss the rise of ethno-nationalism among Indian tribes keeping in mind Manipur conflict.15 marks
  10. Q5Write a note of 150 words on the following : (a) Ghurye-Elwin debate on tribe10 marks
  11. Q5(a)Pseudo-tribalism
  12. Q6(a)Critically analyse the Impact of Modern Democratic Institutions on Tribal areas. Discuss major issues of national integration with reference to north-eastern part of India.20 marks
  13. Q6(j)Tribes globally are separated by race, region and resources, they however are united by concerns. Discuss.15 marks
  14. Q8(d)Urbanisation and tribal institutions

The answers

Question 1(a) · 10 marks · 359 words written

Concept of tribe and Indian census; Contribution of Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf to Tribal India

Opening · no separate opening

None written.

Body · points

Concept of tribe and Indian census

Tribe was a socially created construct that came to be defined in the Indian census by the Britishers.

Tribe and Indian census - evolution

  • 1881: Tribes were considered as a subcategory under Pastoral caste
  • 1901: Religion → Animism linkage was brought. Concept of hill and forest tribe.
  • 1921: Considered as primitive tribe
  • 1931: Backward tribe
  • 1951: Kalekar commission based on backward tribe identified 427 tribes.
  • Lokur committee: 5 criteria for classification of tribe

Later area restriction act was removed, now for tribe to be recognized as ST, no area conditions.

Importance of recording tribe in census

  1. To provide reservation under 366(25)
  2. Educational data benefit: 59% literacy rate of tribal
  3. Data about poverty and socioeconomic condition
  4. Based on population, ITDP formation in area > 50% of population, TSP fund allocation in proportion to population.

Concept of tribe evolved with the enumeration process of the census. Currently the data provided by the census is used for socioeconomic development of the tribe.

Contribution of Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf to Tribal India

Christoph Haimendorf was an Austrian ethnologist influenced by Elwin, James Hutton and Malinowski.

Literary contribution:

  • The Chenchus (1943)
  • The naked nagas
  • The Sherpas
  • Man who hunted head: naked nagas of Assam (1970)
  • Raj Gonds of Adilabad
  • The Reddis of Bison Hill

Methodological contribution:

  • He introduced visual anthropology (e.g. videos of sherpa, naga)
  • Action anthropology: (e.g. Fought for the rights of Gond, gave Haimendorf patta)

Contribution to tribal studies:

  1. Use of language: learnt Nagalism to study Naga.
  2. Detailed ethnography: of Naga, sherpas, Apatani.
  3. Studied changes in tribal culture: in Tribes of India, struggle for survival (1982).
  4. Analyzed the reason for regionalism: CRPC imposition on Gonds lead to discontent and demand for separate Gondaland.
  5. Studied Apatani four tribe and found many Apatanis studying in university and progress among them.
  6. Appointed as advisor to Nizam. Advise opened schools for Gonds - education in Gondi language.

Close

Haimendorf through his holistic and empathetic studies about tribes, has played a crucial role in upholding tribal rights.