Aishwaryam Prajapati: Sociology II answer copy

1. Inculcate habit of "saving" in village economy and help in formalising of village economy

2. Societies like SEED cooperative, fertilizer cooperative help in providing (input) at a reasonable rate to farmer/peasants

3. cooperatives like Cotton, sugarcane and silk cooperative, control a significant market position, enable products to consumers at reasonable cost

4. AR desai - considered cooperatives as important institution to bring back agriculture on line from debacle caused by colonial rule.

5. Cooperative help in greater access to credit among village farmers. They mobilize credit from formal sources and hence reduce informal credit at usurious rate also fight against social evils like Alcoholism.

6. They help in building infrastructure such as processing, packaging, storage, loading & unloading thereby creating off farm employment opportunities to women and landless labourers.

7. PR Dubhashi consider cooperatives as a movement, it responds to changing need of farmer in village. However Daniel Thorner study of cooperatives in 250 villages highlight issue of over bureaucratisation and politicization which reduces and mares their functioning. Cooperatives thus have spiritual motivation in India, also popularised by VINOBA BHAVE, one important Socio-economic institutions.

The coming of liberalisation, privitisation and globalisation (LPG) reforms in 1991 caused a structural shift in India's socialist framework.

The market economy introduced by colonial masters got more ingrained in India where prices of goods and services were now dependent on ruthless competition.

The impact of market led approach are

1. Increased competition in marketplace led to increase in quality of products and efficiency of firms.

2. The deregulation of industrial sector and privatisation of industries made a space for government to focus on social spending, rather doing business.

3. The Boom in innovation and higher employment generation due to high FDI employed many, thereby reducing pressure on agriculture. Agriculture contribution to GDP decreased to 18% whereas service sector contribution rose to 59%.

4. Indian economy got fully integrated to world economy through MNCs, outsourcing of services etc.

However there were some challanges that rose:-

1. LPG reforms made India a hunting ground for cheap labours. It started the informalisation of workforce, more contractual jobs and lesser permanent jobs
2. Shift of polluting industries to countryside
3. Rise of jobless growth as manufacturing sector (labour intensive) was skipped

Thus shift from a socialist to a liberal state has a mixed bag of goods and bad for Indian development

Constitution of India is the world's longest written constitution.

Rajeev Bhargava - sees constitution as a potent source of social change.

Post independence India was suffering with → huge inequality

These social conditions along with material limitations like → low human resource

• technical workforce
• lack of modern industries

All this fuelled need of CONSTITUTION

THE ROLE OF CONSTITUTION IN SOCIAL CHANGE

D SOCIAL CHAGE :-

1. granting equality to all people

2. freedom of speech and expression It enforced that all people irrespective of CASTE, CLASS, GENDER are equal

3. It also propounded equality of Religion and hence SECULARISM to reduce the vulnerability of inter-Religion conflict (as witnessed in Partition)

4. It banished untouchability. It was regarded as an offence Thus it gave dignity to downtrodden

5. It provided ample space for minorities to flourish by not adopting any particular language-Religion as National language.

Rajeev Bhargava thus says that constitution is a check on majority tyranny

The adoption of fundamental Rights, DPSPs - that guide state's socio-economic development and fundamental duties have led Indias path on development and nation building

Slums are those dwellings which are made of dilapidated and snap materials with features like no ventilation, narrow streets, lesser common open areas etc.

Lewis Mumford and Engels first studied the concept of slum, which arised as a by-product of industrialisation in west.

Slums vary from one another in ways like:

1. Occupation of people of slum → Housework, scavenging, mines, factories

2. Heterogenous mix of people → different castes (SC, ST, OBCs), Poor people

3. at different locations like → Urban agglomeration, rural slums, urban periphery slum

However general universal patterns showed by them are:-

1. Oscar lewis - Slum has a culture of their own, which is

a poverty perpetuating value system b Marshal clinard - slums have their own way of life c Boston street corner study - William whyte identified "Overcrowding" as a universal feature of slum d though all slums functionally integrated to urban areas, they are at moral and material apathy of government and people (Geetadwan Verma) e slum has over representation of depressed populations like SC/ST (Ghanshyam shah) f slums one part of both developed and developing nation ep: in America slums constitute other America g All slums are infested with crimes, goons and "dadas" - locally powerful crimes like drug, organ, human trafficking. Nonetheless slum provide solace to migrant population by giving cheap dwelling unit.

Women participation in movement for changing their socio-economic status, constitutes women movement.

However they are accused of having narrow middle class base, as is evident from :-

1. 1850s - 1915 :- The social renaissance time of India. leaders like Rammohan Roy, Ishwar Vidyasagar, BM Malabari spoke for women rights against SATI, FEMALE FOETICIDE, kulinism, for widow remarriage.

LEADERSHIP → come from high caste Men who fought for evils.

near to "No" participation of women in this phase

1. 1915 - 1947 → women organisations like Bharat Mahila Mahamandal by Sarla Debi Chaudharani and others

Came up.

LEADERSHIP → by high caste women focusing on high they caste issues like followed basic KULINISM, property attitude and inheritance and higher values of education western women philanthropists

Issues of women from deprived sections like -SC/ST → Social evil → alcoholism/dowry/domestic violence control over forest → livelihood threatened resources due to repressive forest laws

got overshadowed.

GANDHIAN PHASE → mass participation of women however leadership position still privilege to high class/caste women like Sarojini Naidu, Annie Besant

After Towards equality report of National Council of women, women movement has reformed with organisations like SEVA, Mahila Samata Sainik Dal etc.