How modernity influenced the intellectual development of sociology or shaped sociology's focus on issues of social order and change?

Influence of Modernity on Intellectual development of sociology -

1. Early sociologists like August comte and Herbert Spencer - wanted to study the reasons behind the social changes like Rise of urbanisation, shifting of families from Rural to urban areas, pollution etc.

In their quest to search for 'reasons' behind these social changes - [Social laws] were devised to understand them - forming 'basis' of early sociology.

1. Emile Durkheim - studied 'Alienation' due to breakdown of social structures in periods of [normlessness] or [Anomie].

2. Marx studied the reasons behind the exploitation of workers - by the capitalist class - Bourgeoisie and Proletariat (the working class) and gave concept of class struggle.

3. Marx also studied the [Alienation] experienced by working class due to the capitalist mode of production where worker is alienated from the product, production process and self.

4. He gave concept of [commodity fetishism] where commodity holds more value than humans labour.

5. [Maxweber] studied social action through interpretative method and helped in expanding sociological base - by giving the concept of [Bureaucracy], and the socio-logical [tools of verstehen] & [Ideal types] to study social change.

6. Durkheim focused on establishment of social structures and their function in maintaining social order and stability.

7. Talcott Parsons gave the Grand theory of sociology and tried to bridge the gap between functionalists/ sociologists and Non-positivists and widen the scope of sociology through his theory of social action.