Analyse the reasons behind the increasing vulnerability of the Himalayan region to landslides. What steps can be taken for their management and control?

Vulnerability of Himalayan region

1. Rise in frequency in recent decade → Joshimath episode

2. Unconsolidated deposits → vulnerable to slip

3. Tectonic activity → Trans-Eurasian seismic belt

Landslide prone regions

④ Rainfall → cloud burst & heavy intense rainfall triggers ⑤ avalanch and snowfall can trigger landslide ⑥ Human activities → construction of → large dams → altered stability → Urban density → breached carrying tourism, building capacity footfall ⑦ Glacial outburst also trigger landslides ⑧ Steep slopes make them vulnerable

Steps taken to manage & control

Following NDMA guidelines & other initiatives: ① Zonation and mapping of landslide prone areas eg ISRO landslide Atlas

1. Hazard risk vulnerability assessment

2. Regulatory measures → building byelaws → restriction on construction

3. Capacity building of locals → training and drills

4. Structural measure → Creating bunds, walls → Afforestation on slopes → Stability → Fencing to minimise slippage

5. Report by Expert committee on Himalayan Ecosystem → calls for minimal interference

6. Sustainable tourism, indigenous