“Women as a class neither belong to a minority group nor are they regarded as forming a backward class.” In the light of this statement, discuss the evolution of women’s reservation from local bodies to Parliament.

Miswrote Q17 in Q16

Digital governance is the use of multifaceted digital tools to improve governance & governability. Eg:- CPGRAMS by GoI.

• Departmental to citizen centric approach

(1) brings government from cabins to doorsteps.

(ii) equitable access of public services to people.

(iii) localised solutions for localised problems.

(iv) bottom to top or decentralised approach in governance.

(v) data driven decision making = a growth towards future.

• challenges persisting in new approach :-

(i) resistance to devolution = due to colonial bureaucratic mindset persisting among people.

(ii) issues over data = wrt quality, collection & analysis.

(iii) non reciprocity by local governance units like PRIs.

(iv) mutual distrust between bureaucracy & local admin at lower level - causing friction.

(v) data security issues.

• citizen centric governance is key in 21st