Surbhi PathakCSE 2024 · 241 wordsTheir whole copy
Opening · a figure
Indian cities have become major contributor to India's GDP where 30% of India's population (Census 2011) resides. Yet, they have high contrast & paradox where world's largest slum Dharavi faces high rise apartments (Mumbai). Indian cities → landscape of stark inequality
Body · points and prose
X-axis: Years (2018, 2050)
- Graph: Upward sloping line from 430mn in 2018 to 870mn in 2050 (UN source)
Indian cities → landscape of stark inequality
- Widening income disparities between formal and informal work
- Oxfam report → diagram
- Pyramid: Top 1% of wealth
- Inverted Pyramid: Top 1% owns 70% of income
- Disproportionate impact on poor with respect to climate change →
- flooding of slums ex near
- drought, heat waves ex AC create more burden
- Unaffordable for poor to live in cities
- Domestic violence, crime against women in cities ex → Anjali rape case Delhi 2023
Landscape of social exclusion
(1) Limited scope of social mobility * restricted to low pay jobs * domestic labor * daily wage labor
(2) Lock of skills → low paying jobs → more contractualization * (57% only formally trained) * out of labor economy frequently → gig economy (eg NITI Aayog's 77 lakh gig workers) * low health & education prospects
(3) Marginalization on caste lines * caste divides / class divides
diagram
- village → migration / in anticipation of good life → city
- village → low paying jobs / poor health & education benefits → city
- city → forced to live on fringes of city
Steps to make urban areas more egalitarian
(1) Institutional methods * separate body to look into the cause of migrants * Data based analysis
diagram
- Intersectionality approach
- women → need safe places
- children → education → RTE schools
- working age → e.g. urban employment guarantee programs
- Infrastructure methods
- Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana expansion → affordable housing
- Ayushman Bharat → for health indicators
- street lighting → for safe roads
- Capacity Building → PM Vishwakarma Yojana
- Technical Skills training → e.g. diploma courses
- Boost to public transport → e.g. delhi metro to reduce conveyance cost
- Behavioural methods (among the urban rich)
- AC @ 24 campaign
- nudge theory → Reduce waste
- public transport use
Close
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