Does tribal development in India centre around two axes, those of displacement and of rehabilitation ? Give your opinion.

(1) Tribes like Lepcha, Buxa, Bhotia etc. in Northern India and Sikkim

• Primarily Mangloid racial groups
• Issues like terrain, accessibility, lack of development/communication, illiteracy, high poverty, Landless households etc.

(2) Tribes like Kuki, Naga, Chakma etc. in the North Eastern States

• Issues like racial discrimination, ethnic clashes, feeling of alienation from mainland, fear of loss of culture and imposition of outsiders
• Egalitarian societies with good literacy; not a problem, but high infant mortality rate, urbanization etc.

(3) Santhal, Munda, Ho etc. in the Chota Nagpur area and Odisha

• Advent of moneylenders, debt trap, land alienation and loss of traditional industries, poor infrastructure, poverty
• Home to PVTGs

(4) Bhil, Kalbelia, Gond etc. [Western region]

• loss of patronage for traditional handicrafts/arts
• Migration of population; Threat of disappearance

(5) Toda, Irular etc. [Southern region]

• Plantations captured land and converted into low wage workers. Low literacy rate, displacement, in name of conservation. Poor infrastructure, inadequate water supply.

(6) Andamanese, Sentinelese, Jarawa etc. [Island region]

• Very isolated, prehistoric, economically and scientifically backward.
• Zero tolerance for transgressions by outsiders. Very closely protected societies. "Untouched."

In order to safeguard their distinctiveness, the policy of Tribal Panchsheel was formulated to forge trust and cooperation between tribes and administration. Its main facets are:

Despite these measures, issues persist:

Conclusion → Xaxa report recommendations. (Health and employment issues can also be mentioned).