How was India benefitted from the contributions of Sir M. Visvesvaraya and Dr. M. S. Swaminathan in the fields of water engineering and agricultural science respectively?

Contributions of Dr. M.S Swaminathan

(A) scientific

1. Gene development → salt tolerant mangroves
2. Rice development → short status, fertiliser responsive, HYV seeds i.e. Pusa Basmati.
3. Growth of fertiliser efficiency and water use efficiency.

(B) Ecological Economics

1. Evergreen Revolution - increase in production in perpetuity →

hallmark for nature based farming like conservation agriculture, zero-tillage farming etc. 2) Relied on 4C's of farming i.e. conservation, cultivation, commercialisation and consumption.

(C) Policy Inputs

1. National commission on Farmers ↳ recommended legalisation of MSP, with C2 + 50% formula.
2. Establishment of ICRIER and ICRA.
3. Legalisation of Plant Protection and Farmer's Rights Act, 2001.
4. Disaster management - drought code, flood code etc.

Contributions of C.R. Rao in statistics

1. Establishment of the National sample survey organisation and Indian statistical Institute, Kolkata.
2. Devised the methodology for census data collection, post independence.
3. Gave the methods of calculation for GDP estimates.
4. Helped in collection and refinement of data used by erstwhile planning commission.