Bring out the causes for the formation of heat islands in the urban habitat of the world.

Factors Behind UHI :

1. Concretization of city: → low albedo → ↑ absorption of outgoing terrestrial radiation.

2. Loss of blue-green infra: → low cooling by plant & trees

3. Emission: → ↑ pollutants from transport → UN Report → Delhi's transport → high emission. → ↑ personal vehicles. → Industrial and Energy system emissions.

4. Changed weather pattern over city: → tall buildings as air aducts → Stable conditions over city etc.

Existing mitigation strategies:

→ Heatwaves plans of various cities → plantation Drives in cities → Greening cities → Reducing vehicular emissions → Bharat Norms → National Clean Air programme → Miyawaki Method

Assessment:

Positive:

1. Attainment of success in cities like Ahmedabad
2. ↑ awareness among the residents of cities.

Negative:

1. No overarching plan to catering UHI
2. Ad-hoc mechanism
3. Most of the cities failed to curb emission and GHG pollutants
4. Delhi & Lucknow's perennial problems
5. Diversion of forest land in urban areas → continuing